收录于话题

#0427江苏

专题02说明文

（原卷版）

1．(2023届江苏省苏北四市一调试题）

Animals can adapt quickly to survive unfavorable environmental conditions. Evidence is mounting to show that plants can, too. A paper published in the journal Trends in Plant Science details how plants are rapidly adapting to the effects of climate change, and how they are passing down these adaptations to their offspring(后代).

Plants are facing more environmental stresses than ever. For example, climate change is making winters shorter in many locations, and plants are responding. “Many plants require a minimum period of cold in order to set up their environmental clock to define their flowering time,” says Martinelli, a plant geneticist at the University of Florence. “As cold seasons shorten, plants have adapted to require shorter periods of cold to delay flowering. These mechanisms allow plants to avoid flowering in periods when they have fewer opportunities to reproduce.”

Because plants don’t have neural(神经的) networks, their memory is based entirely on cellular(细胞的),molecular(分子的),and biochemical networks. These networks make up what the researchers call somatic memory(体细胞记忆). “It allows plants to recognize the occurrence of a previous environmental condition and to react accordingly,” says Martinelli.

These somatic memories can then be passed to the plants’ offspring via epigenetics(表现遗传). “Several examples demonstrate the existence of molecular mechanismsmodulatingplant memory to environmental stresses and affecting the adaptation of offspring to these stresses,” says Martinelli.

Going forward, Martinelli hopes to understand even more about the genes that are being passed down. “We are particularly interested in decoding the epigenetic alphabet without changes in DNA sequence(序列),”he says. “This is especially important when we consider the rapid climate change, we observe today that every living organism, including plants, needs to quickly adapt to survive.”

28．What adaptations have plants made to shortened cold seasons?

A．They have shortened their flowering time.

B．They have got more chances to reproduce.

C．They have avoided flowering in cold seasons.

D．They have adjusted their environmental clock.

29．What can we learn about somatic memory?

A．It is entirely based on neural networks.

B．It can help the plants’ offspring to survive.

C．It can help relieve environmental stresses.

D．It disturbs the plants’ biochemical networks.

30．What does the underlined word “modulating” mean in paragraph 4?

A．Adjusting.B．Treasuring.

C．Recording.D．Sharing.

31．Which of the following is a suitable title for the text?

A．Plants are smart about flowering time

B．Plants can also adapt to climate change

C．Environmental stresses challenge plants

D．Mysteries of plant genes are to be unfolded

2.(2023届江苏省苏北四市一调试题）

省略，如需完整版请按文末提示操作

A．Because a ban on it has recently been passed.

B．Because it provides fake news that will mislead students.

C．Because students use it for the purpose of improving their essays.

D．Because with it, students finish their assignments without thinking.

15.(江苏省南通市崇川区等5地2023年高三3月模拟试题)

Did you watch the popular TV seriesMeet Yourselfduring your winter vacation? In the TV series, the heroine Xu Hongdou travels to a village in Yunnan province and volunteers at a local cafe. She gets free meals in return. As the show finds a growing audience, volunteer travel—an old-yet-modern form of travel similar to Xu’s type of work — has attracted more attention.

Volunteer travel refers to taking a trip where all or part of the purpose of the trip is to participate in an arranged service opportunity to help others. These volunteer trips are usually arranged by church organizations, human interest groups or nonprofit organizations, and they take form of equal exchanges. During the trip, volunteer travelers often provide services like teaching, cooking, animal caring, and cultural activities. In exchange for their help, the volunteers may get free or discounted accommodation, meals and laundry, activities, or classes.

Traditionally, the volunteer activities take place in a foreign country. However, just as whatMeet Yourselfdescribes, more volunteer trips have taken place within the same countries or regions the volunteers originate from in recent years. Sanlian Lifeweek magazine commented that volunteer projects in rural areas are now attracting more urban visitors as a break from the fast and stressful pace of urban living. Yang Yan, a founder of a volunteer platform, told the magazine that it has indeed been a growing trend for urban residents to volunteer in rural areas.

People try volunteer travel for several reasons. By working voluntarily while traveling, travelers may make a real, positive impact on the world. The services volunteers provide can be through charities with lower costs for the communities they serve. Another benefit of volunteer travel is that it helps urban residents to experience rural life. For those who are sick of urban pressure but can’t make up their minds whether to move permanently to the countryside, volunteer travel can be a solution. In this way, as Yang comments, travelers can catch some relief from their busy lives, while rural communities also benefit by receiving more customers for local tourism industries and temporary high-quality labor.

12．Why does the author mentionMeet Yourselfin the beginning of the text?

A．To introduce a new way of travel.B．To lead up to the topic of the text.

C．To show the popularity of this TV series.D．To raise readers’ interest in the TV series.

13．What can we learn about volunteer travel from the text?

A．Its only purpose is to help others.

B．It requires travelers to be highly educated.

C．Its travelers can get something in return for their help.

D．It’s typically organized by those who want to make money.

14．What does the third paragraph mainly talk about?

A．A new trend of volunteer trips.B．The future of volunteer trips.

C．The significance of volunteer trips.D．Different views on volunteer trips.

15．Why are more urban residents attracted by volunteer projects in rural areas nowadays?

A．To give back to society.B．To get away from busy lives.

C．To provide high-quality labor.D．To support the rural tourism industry.

16.(江苏省泰州中学2023年高三下学期一模模拟英语试题)

How are you feeling today? Often when we ask people that question, they reply ‘not bad’, or ‘could be worse’. But what would make us feel ‘perfect’? Maybe we could live better by being healthier, less stressed, more motivated—but how?

Of course there are many ways of improving our mental health, but sometimes there are small and simple solutions to helping improve our wellbeing. It’s something the TV programmeEasy Ways to Live Wellhas been looking at. It suggested several ‘health hacks’ which the programme’s presenters tried and gave their ‘seal of approval’. And maybe they could help us too.

Firstly, to deal with putting on weight and to cut the calories, the programme found sniffing (嗅) peppermint (薄荷) stops our longing for a snack. Presenter, chef and writer Hugh Fearnley-Whittingstall says “a scientific theory called ‘mutual competition’ shows that a strong smell can distract our brain from the food we’re thinking about.”

If your addiction to your smartphone is getting you down, it’s suggested that turning your phone screen grey helps you reduce screen time because a black and white screen becomes less attractive to look at. With recent studies showing our phones can make us 26% less productive and increase our stress, it seems like a no-brainer to try this ‘dim’ idea.

Fancy a swim in ice-cold water? Well, the TV programme found a daily dip in freezing water gets you used to the stress of doing it and therefore prepares you for other life stresses. And another way to ‘chill out’ is to leave your smartphone at home, immerse yourself in a forest, and breathe in the fresh air. Forest bathing is the perfect tonic for the stresses of urban life.

Other life-improving ideas included things such as singing to reduce pain and walking around more to get away from our sedentary (久坐不动) lives. But whatever way we choose to adopt, it seems any change to our lifestyle can help improve our body and mind.

8．What’s the function of a series of questions in the first paragraph?

A．To provide more background information.B．To provoke thinking and bring out the topic.

C．To expect readers can give specific answers.D．To attract readers to focus on physical health.

9．What’s the author’s attitude towards the TV programmeEasy Ways to Live Well?

A．Favorable.B．Unclear.C．Negative.D．Critical.

10．Which of the following can be inferred from the passage?

A．The strong smell of peppermint is bound to cut the calories.

B．To remove life stresses, you must have a swim in freezing water.

C．Making the phone screen colorful makes us more focused and efficient.

D．An ice-water swim and forest bathing have the similar effect on stresses.

11．What’s the purpose of the passage?

A．To tell readers how to be perfect.B．To introduce a popular TV programme.

C．To offer some ways to belter well-being.D．To get rid of some bad habits in daily life.

17.(江苏省泰州中学2023年高三下学期一模模拟英语试题)

Most birds, in particular, exhibit some degree of patterns and colours. Australia’s zebra finch (斑胸草雀), for example, was so named because of the zebra-like black and white bars on its tail. But it also has many other colours and patterns, from a bright orange bill to fine white spotting along its reddish-brown sides.

The zebra finch is Australia’s widely distributed grass-finch species, occurring throughout most of mainland Australia. It’s a common and familiar bird in the drier parts of the country.

When we see such a highly patterned bird wepresumeall individuals of that species have their spots and bars in the same places. But look closer and we’ll see that the quantity and design of these patterns varies between individuals. And every now and then a bird exhibits a more obvious feather variation. Occasionally, we see one that has larger than usual pale areas of feathers or, more rarely, has lost its normal patterning altogether.

Colouration and patterning in all animals is caused by a range of pigments (色素). Melanin (黑色素) is responsible for blacks and browns, and a lack of this pigment can cause a partial or total loss of an individual’s dark patterning. The two main terms that describe these abnormalities are albinism (白化病) and leucism (白色亚种). Both conditions are genetic and both can lead to a very similar physical appearance. Leucism, however, causes a lack of the pigment cells that produce melanin. But albinism causes the production of melanin pigment to be reduced or absent.

Can we distinguish between the two conditions without the help of a cellular biologist? Yes. Albino animals have fully unpigmented red eyes. Leucistic animals, on the other hand, never completely lose pigment from the eye, although they can have blue eyes due to a partial loss of pigment.

Why don’t we see more albino or leucistic birds? Because the lack of melanin reduces the strength and lastingness of the affected birds’ feathers, making them more easily broken. Additionally, the birds’ vision and hearing is negatively affected, making them less able to hunt. The brighter feathers and lack of patterning also make them easier for attackers to see.

12．What can be learned about Australia’s zebra finch?

A．It is one of the rarest birds in Australia.

B．It is mostly covered with bright orange feathers.

C．It acquires its name from its tail colours and patterns.

D．It has the same spots and bars in the same places.

13．What does the underlined word “presume” mean in paragraph three?

A．Recall.B．Suppose.C．Deny.D．Recommend.

14．How is paragraph four developed?

A．By setting assumptions.B．By presenting opinions.

C．By giving explanations.D．By drawing conclusions.

15．Which of the following correctly describes albino or leucistic birds?

A．They have quite good hearing.B．They have completely red eyes.

C．They have easily broken feathers.D．They have excellent hunting skills.

18.（江苏省新高考基地学校2023年大联考3月模拟试题）

After decades of argument, psychologists have apparently agreed that arranging one’s features into the shape of a smile helps brighten the mood. In other words, if you want to feel a little happier, try looking a little happier first.

The idea has a rocky history, though. To settle the matter once and for all, Nicholas Coles, a research scientist at Stanford University, organised the Many Smiles Collaboration to conduct an experiment that advocates, critics and those on the fence could all agree.

The psychologists recruited (招募) nearly 4,000 people from 19 countries and divided them into three groups. The first adopted the pen-in-mouth method to activate facial muscles for smiling. The second imitated the facial expressions of smiling actors. The third was told to move the corners of their lips towards their ears and raise their cheeks, using only the muscles in their face.

The volunteers then rated their happiness as they pulled the faces, wore neutral expressions, and looked at a blank screens or images of puppies, kittens, flowers and fireworks. According to a report in Nature Human Behaviour, the pen-in-mouth method did little for emotions — perhaps because people had to bite their teeth together. But the other two approaches boosted happiness, though the effect was small.

“Some people believe that emotional experience is very cognitive — that’s it’s driven by our evaluations of what’s going on in the world. This work, however, suggests that it’s also physiological,” said Coles. “Emotional experience appears to be built, in part, off of feedback or sensations from the nervous system. The accelerated heart can make people feel anxious and the stretch of a smile can make them feel happy,” he added.

Dr Magdalena Rychlowska, who works on facial expressions, emotions and culture at Queen’s University, Belfast, said such studies were “tremendously beneficial” for psychology. “As a researcher working on how facial movements influence our feelings, I am delighted to see that an independent study found support for the facial feedback assumption,” she said.

8．What does the underlined sentence in paragraph 2 mean?

A．People are divided on the idea.B．People refuse to accept the idea.

C．The idea gains popularity quickly.D．The idea has stood the test of time.

9．On what basis did the psychologists get their finding?

A．How the volunteers felt.B．How the volunteers acted.

C．How the volunteers looked.D．How the volunteers thought.

10．Why does Coles make these remarks in paragraph 5?

A．To praise his research work.B．To state his research finding.

C．To put forward a new project.D．To criticize the mistaken belief.

11．What does Rychlowska talk about concerning the research finding?

A．Its independence.B．Its practical application.

C．Its significance.D．Its appeal to the public.

19.（江苏省新高考基地学校2023年大联考3月模拟试题）

Collingwood Children’s Farm is an inner-city oasis (绿洲). For 40 years, this scenic farm with pigs, chickens and vegetable gardens has provided a taste of the countryside in Melbourne.

The four-hectare patch is no throwback to the past. It is providing a glimpse of our future. In a time where a changing climate and population growth are causing concerns about food security, the farm is becoming a model for how we might change our approach to inner-city food production.

The farm’s primary purpose has always been to support those in the community experiencing disadvantage. However, the not-for-profit has also spent the past year becoming a model of best-practice inner-city agriculture.

Since mid-2020, an unused field has slowly been transformed into a bio-intensive vegetable garden. On top of that, new horticulturalists (园艺专家) have been employed to help build vegetable gardens that will help the soil.

Horticulturist Rachel Freeman is head of the farm’s vegetable gardens. Freeman says she is a big believer in the importance of “linking people to food systems and showing people what you can do”. When it comes to showing how to educate and engage the community, this farm is hard to beat.

In 2019, Collingwood Children’s Farm had an average of 15,000 visitors each month. In April 2020, 17,000 people came through. At that time, Ash and Shacklock were harvesting fast-growing turnips (萝卜) they had sown between cabbages to make the most of the growing space.

Freeman says the land had a long history of food growing before it became the children’s farm in 1979. The Wurundjeri people cultivated food here for thousands of years before a group of nuns (修女) began growing vegetables on the site in the 1860s.

Freeman says that the farm has been “in this amazing state of” change with many new projects under way. However, they are happening at a snail’s pace due to the farm’s focus on involving volunteers, especially people with disadvantage. “We do the work slowly with volunteers,” Freeman says. “This is an active space not a botanical one.”

12．What is the main purpose of the farm?

A．To deal with global climate change.

B．To produce safe food for local people.

C．To set a model for inner-city agriculture.

D．To support poor people in the community.

13．What belief does Freeman hold?

A．People should get closely connected.

B．Farms should be built big and strong.

C．Involving people in farming matters.

D．Education is the key to great success.

14．Why did they sow turnips between cabbages on the farm?

A．To satisfy children’s curiosity.B．To help cabbages grow better.

C．To attract more visitors to join.D．To use the growing space fully.

15．What can we learn from these new projects?

A．They are aimed at involving volunteers.

B．They have put volunteers at a disadvantage.

C．They are gaining popularity among children.

D．They have got into some financial difficulties.

20.（江苏省扬州市2023年高三下学期试题）

Today, the Vikings are mostly known as violent pirates (海盗). But they were also traders. At their height, the Vikings attacked, settled or traded on four continents.

All of their travel, trade and warfare were made possible by Viking ships, which were far more advanced than anything else sailing around Europe at the time. The most famous, and most feared, was thedrekar. At sea, these ships could move quickly thanks to their large sails. The hulls (船体) of the ships were shallow and fat, which made them ride high in the water. The ships were also light enough that they could be carried from one body of water to another over short sections of land. This greatly extended their range.

But Viking ships weren’t just built for warfare. Another type, called theknarr, had cargo (货物) holds built in the hull. One such cargo ship was capable of carrying 24 tons. The knarrs would have looked similar to the drekars except they were longer, fatter and taller. These were the backbones of the Viking empire, which they used to carry everything from gold coins to spices and fine fabrics.

Both the drekar and the knarr were built using the same method. Traditionally, oceangoing ships have used a keel (龙骨), shaped like the fin of a fish. The keel sinks into the water below the hull. It helps the ship maintain a straight line through the water and counters the force of the wind against the sail, which otherwise might blow the ship over. Viking ships had no deep keel. Instead, they were built fat enough to carry lots of soldiers or pieces of cargo whose weight helped keep the ship planted in the water.

Viking ships were so advanced for their tine that they often were the biggest, tallest and most striking ships many people had ever seen. A monk at the St. Omar Monastery, in Franco, wrote this description of a royal Viking ship in 1013.

“On one side lions molded in gold were to be seen on the ships, on the other birds on the tops of the poles indicated by their movements the winds as they blew…”

The Vikings built a wealthy empire through trade as well as robbery and used their wealth to continuously improve their ships.

28．What does the author intend to tell us?

A．The Vikings were not violent pirates but traders.

B．The Vikings used to take a lead in the world trade.

C．Viking ships could carry more cargo than ships today.

D．Viking ships contributed to the extension of their empire.

29．What can we infer about the knarrs?

A．They were not designed for warfare.

B．They were faster than the drekars.

C．They were designed to carry soldiers.

D．They served the same purpose as drekars.

30．What do the Vikings’ ships and the traditional oceangoing ships have in common?

A．They both use a deep keel shaped like the fin of a fish.

B．They both make the hull shallow and fat with large sails.

C．They both take measures to keep the ship planted in water.

D．They both install something to counter the force of wind.

31．Why does the author refer to a monk’s description of a Viking ship?

A．To show how advanced Viking ships were for their time.

B．To show how interested the monk was in traveling by sea.

C．To show that Viking ships were designed in a strange way.

D．To show that Viking ships were continuously improved.

如需答案详解分析，请回复答案

知识无价，有偿分享，非诚勿扰