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专题07 六选四 -学易金卷：2023年高考英语二模试题分项汇编（原题版）
（2023·上海虹口·统考二模）Do animals have feelings?
People often assign feelings to animals. That zoo polar bear’s vacant stare must mean he’s sad. The uh-oh expression a dog flashes after knocking over the garbage indicates shame. But scientists haven’t determined whether these human-like expressions really mean anything. After all, it’s very difficult to read a dog’s mind.
Scientists believe that certain brain cells in humans calledspindle cells(棱形细胞) are responsible for human social behavior and the interplay between thoughts and feelings. Studies have revealed that chimpanzee, dolphin and whale brains also possess spindle cells.____1____
Even animals that don’t have spindle cells, such as dogs, have shown behaviors that can suggest a human-like social sense.____2____Scientists report that this shows dogs are sensitive to human social cues and are able to correctly interpret them. Still, this only proves that dogs know how to find food, not that they have feelings.
Observations of apes have also revealed behavior that appears to represent various human-like desires. In some tests, chimpanzees demonstrate what looks likealtruism(利他主义) helping their own kind and even other species without the expectation of a reward.
____3____In a recent study, a Barnard College researcher tested dogs to see if their guilty looks were linked to actual bad behavior. Dogs were tempted with a treat and told by their owners not to eat it. The dog’s owners weren’t allowed to see whether their pets had eaten the treat or not, but were told either that they did or that they didn’t, and were then instructed to scold the dogs that disobeyed. The experimenters noted that scolded dogs showed a guilty look whether or not they had actually done wrong.
____4____A guilty look suggests a feeling of guilt in a human but not necessarily in a dog, according to the Barnard research. Similarly, even apparentempathy(共情) behavior might not actually mean these feelings are present in the brains of animals.
A．Although these are all animals that can act people-like, the presence of these cells does not mean that the animals have feelings.
B．Anyone who claims to know what animals feel doesn’t have science on their side.
C．In recent experiments, dogs have shown that they know to follow a human’s pointed finger to find a food treat.
D．Many people think that empathy is a special emotion only humans show.
E．Other experiments have cast doubt that animal behavior can reliably signify an underlying feeling.
F．This illustrates the difficulty in accurately interpreting animal behavior as a marker of human-like feelings.
（2023·上海长宁·统考二模）Greening the blue
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A．Using the oceans as a solution to climate change is hardly a new idea.
B．There is still some doubt about how big the marine offsetting effect might be.
C．It’s really hard to turn blue carbon conservation and restoration into carbon credits that you can sell.
D．Something similar might work in the oceans, by stimulating the growth of marine and coastal ecosystems.
E．And conserving them is important given how much fishing and other activities have degraded them.
F．The big objection to all these plans is the possibility of negative environmental side effects.
（2023·上海静安·统考二模）Tipping, customers paying service workers, usually at restaurants, for services they receive, has been a regular part of American culture for well over a century, but the emergence of new technology and shifting expectations have shaken long-standing norms around the practice. That uncertainty, together with the pressure it can often create, has left some consumers feeling exhausted by the frequency with which they’re forced to decide which workers to tip and how much.
A big reason for the growth of what is being called “tip tiredness” is the increasing presence of digital payment systems, which have replaced traditional cash registers at most businesses. Suddenly, rather than being given the chance to drop a dollar in a tip jar, customers are confronted with a tablet.____9____They have to tip for services they’d never considered tipping for in the past.
Tipping also makes labor laws more complicated. In all but a handful of states, employers are allowed to pay tipped workers below minimum wage. In some cases, the standard is as low as $2.13 per hour, as long as workers make enough in tips to earn the equivalent of minimum wage.____10____Many people are debating over whether tipping system need a repair — or even should be cancelled altogether. They say tipping needs to be eliminated and replaced by a fair wage for all service workers. The tipping practice increases the possibility that employees can’t get what they deserve.____11____In many cases, customers’ tip amounts are largely guided by factors other than quality of the service they receive, which makes the situation even worse.
However, defenders of the current arrangement say it’s still the best option.____12____It provides a chance for workers to have more control over their financial welfare. If a restaurant is doing well because it’s safely operated, properly managed and delivers great food, customers will usually tip. And when that happens, everyone — from the wait staff to the dishwashers — can share in the business’s success.
A．The frustration about such shifting wage payment has added new wrinkles to the controversy.
B．The diversity of tipping channels somewhat eases the conflicts in deciding the amount of tips.
C．No workers should have their livelihood depend on their customers’ mercy.
D．The popularity of digital point-of-sale systems has also meant consumers are being asked to tip more frequently.
E．Tipping, against many people’s wills, establishes a new customer-server relationship.
F．It’s believed that tipping is the ultimate profit-sharing plan.
（2023·上海浦东新·统考二模）As a botanists who studies our cultural relationship with plants, I am forever fascinated with what draws people to gardening.
Admittedly, connecting with the natural world might seem like an obvious motivation, and undoubtedly it is a key part of the attraction.___13___If they were, we’d abandon any attempts at design, planting or care and watch how walls of weeds slowly gave way to the mass of bushes. But that wouldn’t be gardening, of course, because for all their diversity, the one thing that all gardens have in common is how unnatural they are.___14___Dazzling plants, watch features and glorious blooms is all interconnected well beyond what would naturally occur. Whether it is green lawns created in the driest deserts or a tropical paradise on a stormy North Atlantic island, they are all about shaping the natural world to fit our idea of what it “ should” be.
As I work on my tiny terrariums(玻璃花园) on dark February nights, something magical happens to my brain.___15___In a world that has become increasingly uncertain, people are often fuelled by the same psychological desire: the instinctive need to have a bit of control amid chaos.
As our world becomes more and more unpredictable and often frightening, gardening seems to be able to appeal to and reach out to a whole new generation, often against all odds.
Of course, gardening in’ t the only thing people turn to. The rise of culture conflicts and fix at ion on body image have also been widely documented as being driven by a psychological need to feel a degree of certainty, control and safety. However, I can’t help but think of these alternatives:___16___
A．In reality gardens are anything but natural.
B．What are the things they have been attracted to?
C．They are idealized landscape with all the mud, pests and dead plants edited out.
D．How much better a place the planet would be if gardening was our outlet for this need!
E．Much like agriculture, gardening is a universal human desire coded into our cultural DNA．
F．The calmness created by owning a tiny green space under my control has a powerful effect on my mind.
（2023·上海奉贤·统考二模）Flamingos (火烈鸟) make long friendships
When it comes to making friends, humans often seek people with similar interests and personalities._____17_____. The long-legged birds can form friendships that last for years, and they depend on their friends for support when they fall out with rivals.
Scientist Dr Paul Rose had already spotted that flamingos seemed to form narrow exclusive circles._____18_____. To find out why flamingos befriend some but not others, they studied both Chilean and Caribbean flamingos living in a nature reserve in Gloucestershire, England.
Each bird wore a ring around one leg with a unique code to tell them apart. McCully spent months studying their behaviour and built a personality profile for each flamingo. She found that confident, aggressive flamingos walked proudly around in their friendship groups, while the quieter birds carefully avoid those individuals._____19_____.
McCully and Rose found that for the Caribbean birds, personality seemed to matter more in friendships than it did for Chilean flamingos. Caribbean birds were more likely to defend their friends and the confident ones had much larger social groups than the quieter birds. The researchers found this surprising because in many ways, including body shape and how they search for food in the wild, the two species are very similar.
_____20_____. In that case, all personality types are represented and each flamingo has the chance to find a like-minded friend. McCully and Rose said, “If humans require friendships to be happy, is it really such a great leap to think that flamingos might need the same?”
A．Their long-lasting relationships are important for survival in the wild.
B．He teamed up with Fiona McCully, a scientist in animal behaviour.
C．The scientists conclude that it’s important to keep flamingos in a large flock.
D．According to a recent study, so do flamingos.
E．This avoidance may serve to prevent the fights.
F．New research shows that flamingos with brighter colors tend to be more aggressive.
（2023·上海金山·统考二模）News From The
World of Medicine
The balance challenge
Can you stand on one leg for ten seconds? This question could help doctors assess the overall health of their middle-aged and older patients, argues a Brazilian-led study published in the British Journal of Sports Medicine._____21_____During a follow-up period of seven years, the researchers drew the above conclusion after accounting for basic factors like age and sex.
Besides causing falls, poor balance can also signal underlying medical issues, such as declining eyesight or nerve damage caused bydiabetes(糖尿病). Much like grasp strength and walking speed, balancing ability doesn’t tell the whole story of your health, but it’s a useful clue.
Don’t remove skin tags and moles yourself.
Two of the most common types of skin spots among adults are dark spots known as moles and the growths known as skin tags._____22_____
In some places, mole- and skin-tag removal kits are sold for home use.______23______US FDA recently issued a warning about these kits after receiving reports about consumers who had injured themselves. You’re better off visiting a dermatologist, who are experts in treating skin diseases. Plus, they can perform the all-important screening for skin cancer.
____24____
Researchers from New Zealand recommend a 60-kilogram person consume 110 milligrams of vitamin C per day through a balanced diet, while someone weighing 90 kilograms needs 140 milligrams. That is to say, when taking vitamin C, it’s best to take your weight into account. Eating foods like oranges—which contain on average 70 milligrams of vitamin C each—can really help.
A．Tailor Vitamin C intake to your weight.
B．The subjects who couldn’t perform this had a higher risk of death.
C．Vitamin C supplements are always safe and effective for everyone.
D．Regular exercise can improve your balance and reduce the risk of falls.
E．Both are harmless and don’t require treatment unless their appearance is an issue.
F．But these products can contain a large amount ofsalicylic acid(水杨酸) and could leave you with permanent scars.
（2023·上海青浦·统考二模）Is Listening to a Book Better than Reading It?
Picture yourself sitting at home in a quiet reading space, ignoring the world around you, absorbed in a tale. You read the introduction, instantly became interested and now you’re in the middle of an absolute page-turner. But, there’s a hot debate — physical books vs. e-books vs. audiobooks. Does the device you’re using to read affect your reaction to the book?
_____25_____There’s attention span, reasoning, reading fluency, memory and language comprehension. Reading is known to strengthen communicative ability, vocabulary and increase emotional intelligence and social awareness. So, whichever way you’re reading, there are definitely benefits.
But, let’s look at the pros to reading with your eyes — that’s physical books and e-books._____26_____This is because when you can actually see the words, your attention is held more closely. Add to this the fact that with physical books you can go back and find any part you missed, especially if your mind wanders, which will likely happen at some point or other.
On the other hand, there’s the audiobook. Headphones in, you’re switched off from life and the story really comes alive, almost like watching a film — in your head. From a scientific perspective, listening to an audiobook is likely to help you develop a fellow feeling as you hear the emotion of the narrator._____27_____Hearing the story engages different parts of the brain, increasing the intensity and imagery, making you enjoy it more. Yet, going back to attention period, with an audiobook it’s true that it’s much harder to go back and listen again.
_____28_____Perhaps, next time you find yourself browsing bookshop shelves, also consider the format. It may just change your whole literary experience.
A．They help us become continuous readers.
B．They can help to remember information better.
C．Generally, reading uses several areas of the brain.
D．We can more easily understand the changes in tones.
E．All in all, it seems that there are advantages to both physical books and audiobooks.
F．According to a research from Oxford University, audio books affect our reading reaction most.
（2023·上海嘉定·统考二模）Bedtime Rituals
At the end of a long day, you might want to collapse in front of the TV and watch an episode of your favorite show._____29_____Settling down with a cup of lemon tea or reading a book can tell your body it’s time to sleep. If you turn these activities into a ritual—that is, if you do them every night around the same time—you will be all the more likely to get the rest you need.
A bedtime ritual is important not only because it prepares you for sleep but also because it helps establish healthy sleep habits. If your current habits don’t support good sleep, a bedtime ritual can help you make necessary changes._____30_____Worry can make it hard to fall asleep at night, but for some people, anxiety at bedtime is common. Rituals can provide comfort by offering predictability and structure. Some rituals, such as journaling, might also relieve anxiety by giving the writer a fresh perspective or sense of meaning.
____31____Consider trying several bedtime rituals before settling on a consistent routine. What’s important is figuring out what works for you. Start out with two or three activities according to your needs and preferences. If you enjoy exercise and movement, try yoga or gentle stretching. If you find comfort in order, create a to-do list for the next day. If classical music calms you, turn on some Bach or Mozart enjoying a bath.
Whether your bedtime ritual takes place in bed or somewhere else, make sure your environment is relaxing. Wear comfortable clothes or pajamas,curl up(蜷曲) under a cozy blanket, and keep the lights low.______32______
A．Bedtime rituals can also help you reduce anxiety.
B．For adults, bedtime rituals typically last 30 minutes to an hour.
C．But engaging in some bedtime activities could actually help you sleep better.
D．Then when the time comes to fall asleep, you’ll be ready.
E．There’s no fixed format for the perfect bedtime ritual.
F．Evidence indicates that people who read a book in bed have better sleep quality.
（2023·上海闵行·统考二模）Neuroscientists(神经科学家) now know that brainmaturation(成熟) occurs far later than previously thought. Great changes in brain are still taking place during young adulthood, especially in the regions of decision making, reasoning, comparing risk and reward, etc. Indeed, some brain regions do not reach full maturity until the early 20s.____33____
Maybe. But it’s not as simple as it seems for two reasons.
1. Different brain regions mature along with different timetables.____34____The part of the brain that handles logical thinking is usually fully developed by 16, but those involved in self-discipline are still developing in young adulthood. This means they may not have the same level of emotional control, which can make them less responsible for their actions.
2.____35____If it did, we wouldn’t have lived in a society that allows teenagers to drive before they can buy beer. Age boundaries are drawn mainly for political reasons, not scientific ones. It’s a pity that neuroscience won’t have much of an impact on politics although it is always correct.
____36____It is pointless to try to determine the “right” age of maturation. The Dutch, for example, allow children to drink alcohol at the age of 16 but not to drive until they are 19. Even if I firmly believe legal decisions should refer to neuroscience seriously and it’s a good idea to lower the drinking age and raise the driving age, I recognize that the government might never accept it.
A．Science has never had much influence on these decisions.
B．There is no single age at which the teenage brain becomes an adult brain.
C．However, neuroscience findings prove to be helpful in making a new boundary.
D．Child growth pattens differ and how cultures understand child growth is so different.
E．Some people think this knowledge can help us rethink where we draw legal boundaries between kids and adults.
F．This discovery may well indicate that neuroscience can help us better understand the interrelationship among different ages.
（2023·上海宝山·统考二模）You’re enjoying a delicious bowl of noodles or your favorite rice dish, chatting with your friends. Being the responsible person that you are, when you’re finished you clean up your table and throw away your garbage, including yourdisposable(一次性的) chopsticks. These chopsticks wind up in a landfill along with other chopsticks around the globe.______37______Turns out we can.
For those consuming Asian food, using chopsticks as eating tools is almost second nature. It has been estimated that 20 to 33 percent of the world’s population uses chopsticks on a daily basis. Not all of those are disposable, but no doubt many are. Estimates indicate that up to 80 billion disposable chopsticks are used worldwide every year.______38______
Enter Felix Bock, a doctoral student at the time in the forestry program at the University of British Columbia, Canada. Bock was eager to find a way to recycle wood from construction projects, and he had a particular interest in bamboo. One day he found a drawer in his girlfriend’s house filled with disposable bamboo chopsticks, and an idea began to form in his mind.
Bock’s smart idea was to give a second life to disposable chopsticks by making them into home decorations. He tried to convince restaurant owners to install recycling bins in their restaurants. He also designed a method to clean andsanitize(消毒) the chopsticks so that they could be reused.______39______The square pieces were then artistically arranged into household and office products. Bock’s company, called ChopValue, has repurposed chopsticks into wall decorations, desktops, cutting boards and even table games such asdominoes(多米诺骨牌).
Since 2016 when the company was founded, ChopValue has rescued billions of chopsticks from landfills. Instead of an economy based on the typical take-make-dispose model, ChopValue seeks to create one that transforms waste into a usable resource. Bock states in an interview with Global Shakers, “Frankly, I’m frustrated by everyone trying to be sustainable when they are looking away from the visible things that we can do immediately with the materials right in front of us.”______40______
A．It doesn’t take an environmentalist to realize that this practice is not sustainable.
B．What do you think of this phenomenon?
C．Then he pressed them into square pieces and coated them with something sticky.
D．Hopefully, such issues could be resolved as soon as possible.
E．But what if we could recycle them?
F．Sometimes, as with chopsticks, those materials are right under our very noses.
（2023·上海松江·统考二模）The Enduring Appeal of Peter Rabbit
“I don’t know what to write to you, so I shall tell you a story about four little rabbits, whose names were Flopsy, Mopsy, Cottontail and Peter,” wrote Beatrix Potter, an English writer, illustrator, natural scientist, and conservationist in 1893, in a letter to a little boy who was suffering from a serious infectious disease.
Like many children-story authors, Potter was not a writer by profession. Her chief enthusiasm was natural history. Childhood family holidays in Perthshire and the Lake District had given her the freedom to experience the natural world first-hand.___41___Owing to Potter’s illustrations, the humanized rabbits seemed to exist in a recognizably real place. As Potter once admitted, the “careful botanical studies of my youth” informed the reality of her fantasy drawings.___42___In these images, Peter in the vegetable garden ateradishes(萝卜) or jumped off the wall.
The Tale of Peter Rabbitwas first published by Frederick Warne in 1902.___43___However, Warne disagreed. Only after Potter had the book privately published did Warne change his mind. It was an immediate success, much to Potter’s surprise. “The public must be fond of rabbits! What a shocking quantity of Peter,” she said. The original tales, under the Warne imprint, are still available today.
___44___In 1903, she registered a Peter Rabbit doll, making him the first fictional character to be made into a patented stuffed toy. After that, there were licensed wallpapers, board games and painting books. She earned large amounts of money. After her death, almost all her property was left to the National Trust.
A．Potter surely had a business mind.
B．A decade later, with slight adjustments, the lines formed the opening to what became the bestselling.
C．It was this experience that gave Peter Rabbit its unique atmosphere of believable wonder.
D．Potter was determined that the book should be small enough to fit into a child’s hands and inexpensive.
E．She spent holidays in the Lake District, developing a love of landscape, which she closely observed and painted.
F．Though her later stories would contain more strikingly detailed illustrations, The Tale of Peter Rabbit has charming pictures of its naughty hero.
（2023·上海崇明·统考二模）Trash-Eating Robots
It has become common knowledge that our oceans are filled with garbage. Broken objects, used plastic bottles and so on fill our beaches and cover the ocean floor, doing immense damage to ocean creatures. Many individuals and organizations are working to remove this garbage and recent technological developments have given them a new tool to do so: trash-eating robots.
Robots of various shapes have been designed to collect garbage that they find floating in the ocean. For example, the French company IADYS has developed what it calls the jellyfishbot._____45_____The jellyfishbot is remotely controlled and can clean up to 1,000 square meters per hour. It contains a net that can hold up to 30 liters. The jellyfishbots’ small size and ability to be easily controlled make them ideal for cleaning up crowded areas such as ports.
_____46_____Designed for use on rivers, the Interceptor looks like a boat with a conveyor belt that picks up trash. A shallow barrier attached to the Interceptor guides floating trash to the conveyor belt, but fish can swim under it safely. Once a sensor indicates that the dustbins are full, the Interceptor automatically sends a text message to onshore operators. These operators collect and empty the dustbins, sending the garbage to local waste management facilities.
Most of the garbage in the oceans comes down rivers._____47_____Hence the Interceptor is used to stop pollution before it enters the ocean.
The Interceptor is completely solar-powered and operates on its own, which minimizes the need for human involvement. Robots are able to clean up large amounts of garbage without humans struggling with beach cleanup by hand._____48_____
A．It isn’t just about removing the garbage from the ocean’s surface.
B．Hopefully, they can be a big part of the solution to ocean pollution.
C．This small robot gathers up everything it encounters, including gasoline and oil.
D．For larger, more open areas, a much larger robot called the Interceptor has a similar function.
E．If all goes well, they’re hoping to expand the number of robots and take the technology to other waterways in need of cleanup.
F．Cleaning up trash that litters the ocean is good, but to keep the oceans clean, new garbage must be stopped from getting there.
（2023·上海宝山·统考模拟预测）Robots used to be found only in science fiction. In the 1960s, the animated space-age family the Jetsons had a robotic maid who could do household chores. In the 2014 movie Big Hero 6, the robot Baymax could diagnose and heal illnesses instantly. In real life robots function in many manufacturing and household situations. (Think workers in the automobile industry, robot toy pets and vacuum cleaners.) In the filed of medicine, robot patients help train doctors and nurses by pretending they have a variety of health conditions._____49_____
The global pandemic and resulting economic crisis have created a lack of restaurant workers. Since restaurants don't have enough workers, the remaining staff must work harder. Regardless, customers face longer wait times, fewer menu choices and higher prices._____50_____These robots are not exactly modeled after Rosey, the Jetsons' robotic household servant, but they are pretty clever (and very cute).
_____51_____Many have a design that looks like a rolling cart. One model named Bella even has a cute cat-like face. Many are fairly short and shaped like R2D2 of Star Wars fame. They are designed to deliver dishes to regular customers in a restaurant. They are also just the right height for customers to easily reach them. Restaurant owners are finding server robots ideal for performing repetitive tasks, however many there are. They can not only deliver delicious food to performing repetitive tasks, however many there are. They can not only deliver delicious food to hungry customers. but also get back dirty dishes at the end of the meal.
_____52_____Concerning the price. a server robot costs from a few thousand to several thousand dollars. And in 2021, a restaurant even rented one for as low as USS15 per day. Regarding safety, special sensors on the robots keep them from crashing into customers. Because there aren't enough restaurant workers. filling positions with these robotic servers is a no-brainer. Don't be surprised if you see one rolling up to your table soon.
A．Robots are playing an important role in almost everywhere nowadays.
B．Some founders are lending a hand-a robotic hand-in the form of server robots.
C．Perhaps you're wondering about issues such as the cost and safety factors.
D．Workers are afraid of being replaced by robots in the future.
E．Now robots are finding a home in the food service industry.
F．Server robots come in several different varieties
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