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专题06 阅读理解C篇 -学易金卷：2023年高考英语二模试题分项汇编（原题版）
一、阅读理解
（2023·上海长宁·统考二模）Research into language learning and motivation has changed direction over the past two decades, shifting from what are now considered overly-simplistic models of motivation, such as “integrativeness” (where students are motivated to learn an L2 because they wish to join a community that speaks this language) and “instrumentalism” (where motivation comes from a desire for financial or some other sort of return). Motivation to learn has now been linked to a second-language identity, which is not conceptualised asstatic, but dynamic, shifting and open to change. Some research studies have focused oninvestmentin ESOL (English for Speakers of Other Languages) settings in English-speaking countries: how students invest in the target language in order to get certain returns, not only financial but also related to status, an idea which Bonny Norton Peirce notes as having been borrowed from the sociologist Pierre Bourdieu. There is also growing research in the area of “future selves” and language learning, such as that by Zoltán D?rnyei and Ema Ushioda and by Jill Hadfield.
Studies into second language identity have revealed the investment committed to building up an identity in English in the lives of economicmigrants(移民) and those choosing to settle long-term in English-speaking countries. David Block conducted research into economic migrants living in London, revealing how they invest through study opportunities, seeking out locals to speak to, or using English in work. Each of his case studies reveals different features and patterns in these subjects’ lives.
Yet it is also true that second-language identity formation is alive in EFL (English as a Foreign Language) contexts, if I may draw a distinction from the ESOL further-education context (in the UK and the US). In an age of globalisation and internationalisation, the role of English has come into much sharper focus, and such a changed global reality poses new questions about motivation to learn. D?rnyei argues that we are now dealing with “global English”, and that its acquisition is related to building up “a global identity”. I put the case that international English language examinations, such as those offered by Cambridge English, are a powerful symbol of cultural capital, offering returns full of imagery and entry to imagined communities. Imagined communities, it has been argued, are imagined personal networks of the future, whether social, professional or even international. Investment and the motivation to learn can spring from the desire to belong to these imagined communities. How this imagery and investment relates to their own students should be something that teachers become familiar with.
1．The word “static” (in paragraph 1) is the closest in meaning to ______.
A．unchangingB．movableC．identifiedD．focused
2．Which of the following is the new motivation for learning English according to the passage?
A．To plan for a brighter future abroad.
B．To contribute to increasing globalization.
C．To establish a second-language identity.
D．To expect substantial investment returns.
3．It can be concluded from the passage that ______.
A．teachers may have no idea about their students’ needs
B．the motivation to learn English changes with the times
C．imagined communities are most likely to be exclusive
D．English competence testing is a gateway into new contexts
4．Which of the following is the best title of the passage?
A．An investment in language studies
B．A question of second-language identity
C．An access to ESOL and EFL
D．A debate about motivation to learn
（2023·上海静安·统考二模）省略部分内容，如需完整版请按文末提示操作
5．The phraseskew the averagein the passage most probably refers to the action of ________.
A．hiding the real average to be unrecognizable to others
B．producing an average against the general feature of data
C．working out the common feature suggested by the average
D．ignoring the average because of the frequency by which it is reviewed
6．Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the passage?
A．Majority illusion rarely has impacts except in political blogs field.
B．The majority illusion on social networks relies on that people you follow post more than you.
C．The essence of successful opinion spread is to initiate the trend with well-connected sharers.
D．The spread scale of ideas on networks mainly depends on the quality of content.
7．To guarantee the success of marketing promotion, it’s vital to ________.
A．thoroughly understand the concept of majority illusion
B．accurately figure out who is the powerful person to affect others
C．definitely decide who are the target audience for the promotion
D．successfully convince the influencers to practice certain action
8．What is most probably the title of the passage?
A．The social network vision that tricks your mind.
B．Who is stealing your network identity?
C．Minority network opinion spread, curse or blessing?
D．Have you been misled during the last political voting?
（2023·上海闵行·统考二模）In recent years, a lot of “business thinking” books have been published, all of which search for new answers on how to run organizations effectively. Obliquity tells us that the most profitable companies are not the most aggressive in chasing profits. Wikinomics demonstrates new models of production based on community and collaboration. Peter Miller’s new book, Smart Swarm, however, challenge leaders to think differently. He studied creatures, like bees and ants and he found their habits, actions and instincts can be applied to business. Miller believes his book is the first time anyone has explained the science behind management theory. “The examples of how ant colonies (蚁群) or beehives (蜂窝) work are appealing models for organizations and systems that can be applied in a business context,” he says.
So how exactly can bees help run organizations? “By the way they work independently before they work together,” Miller says. “Picture a huge beehive hanging on a tree, with about 5,000 bees competing for space. They know their population is getting too big, leaving them unsafe. They must all agree to find a new home. In today’s business environment, managers need to be able to make the right decisions under intense pressure. Yet, it is clear that some of the best-paid leaders in some of the biggest organizations can get it dramatically wrong. How is it that they can fail to make efficient business decisions when a large group of bees can make a critical decision about their hive in just a few seconds?”
According to Miller, “swarm theory” can help managers in three simple steps: discover, test and evaluate. The bees first realize they have a problem. They then fly into the neighborhood to find potential new sites. They come back and perform a “dance” to get other bees to follow them. Eventually, the bees with the best dance attract the most votes – and a decision is made. Miller says. “The bee example tells you that you need to seek out diversity in your team. You need to have a way of gathering up quite different ideas so you can make sure you pick the right one.”
Ants, in addition, can help businesses organize workflow and people. In an ant colony, there is no leader. Ants are self-organized, and respond to their environment and each other. One ant on its own could not raid (袭击) a kitchen cupboard, but one ant telling the next one that it’s worth following him to find food ends up creating a food chain. “In an ant colony, you get the right number going in and out searching for food, you get the right number taking care of the babies,” Miller says. “As a manager, this can tell you that your hierarchy (等级制度) is getting in the way of getting the work done.”
9．Miller believes his book differs from other “business thinking” books because ________.
A．it focuses on maximizing profitsB．it supports the theory with evidence
C．it corrects faults in similar booksD．it justifies the previous theory
10．In the second paragraph, the author indicates that the behavior of bees can show managers how to ________.
A．make up for wrongly made decisionsB．justify exactly what the real problem is
C．draw the correct conclusions quicklyD．keep the team safe under great pressure
11．According to the “swarm theory”, managers need to ________.
A．regard decision-making as a cooperative process
B．persuade others to follow your ways of thinking
C．accept different ideas and keep them balanced
D．pick out a right person to make the final decision
12．Which of the following can be inferred from the last paragraph?
A．Leadership skills can be developed through practical work.
B．Employees work more efficiently when organized by leaders.
C．Strengthened hierarchy is the guarantee of work efficiency.
D．Employees should be allowed to make their own decisions.
（2023·上海浦东新·统考二模）Plugs across America
省略若干内容，如需完整版请按文末提示操作
13．It can be learned from the 2nd paragraph that ______.
A．there is a shortage of charging stations in the rural areas of America
B．it takes about 15 minutes for an average charge to charge a battery-powered car
C．more electric vehicles are sold than fossil-fuel burning cars in large cities in America
D．there are enough charges in America considering the limited sales of new electric vehicles
14．Which of the following statements would Michalek most probably agree with ?
A．Companies setting up charging stations are hesitant to go electric.
B．Those who already have a home charge don’t have to find a public plug.
C．Top priority needs to be given to adding more charging stations across the country.
D．There is enough time to establish a charging network, because not many EVs are uscd.
15．What can be inferred about the renters ?
A．Some renters don’t have the intention to go electric.
B．Some renters might not be authorized to install a home charge.
C．As more renters are unwilling to use public plugs, the charging dead bones are growing.
D．Some renters might not have enough confidence in the public plugs for the safety reasons.
16．Who does Michalek expect to work together to establish the charging network nationwide?
A．The government and some companies.
B．The local government and every household.
C．The charging facility providers and every family.
D．The federal government and the local rural government.
（2023·上海青浦·统考二模）Over the next few years, we can expect logins to get much less annoying, as all of the major tech players are now on board with a new technology designed to eventually replace the humble password called the “passkey”.
And that could mean that we do away with passwords altogether. The way passkeys work is by turning your phone into something a bit like a wallet, which you can use to store membership cards to all of your apps and services. When you need to log in to a website, you’ll just have to tap a button on your phone and your passkey wallet will flash the rightcredentials(证件), letting you in without any trouble. And even if you’re logging in to a device that doesn’t have access to your wallet, when you type in your email address, the website will send a message to your phone to check your credentials.
Once passkeys are commonly accepted and widely used, they won’t just save us from having to remember passwords but, perhapscounterintuitively, logging in with a passkey will actually be significantly more secure than typing a password.
This is because it takes advantage of a technology called “public key”cryptography(密码术), which is one of the building blocks of the internet and is how computers have securely communicated with other computers for decades.
With a password, the website has to ultimately contain a database of everyone’s passwords to check against when you login. But with a passkey, when you create your account on a website, it will effectively create a brand new padlock and key. The website will keep the padlock — and only your phone will have the key.
Passkeys are going to make our digital lives even more secure, because they help guard against two common forms of digital attack.
First, it guards against data leak or leakages — situations where hackers or people who try to break into computer systems gain access to a database of passwords.
This is because, unlike most people who repeat their passwords, each passkey is unique. This means that even if the pizza delivery place is hacked, it won’t give away the same password that you use for your emails.
And secondly, passkeys make things much harder for “phishing” scams — when a website tries to trick you into thinking that it is really your bank’s website or similar, it can steal your login details.
These scams will no longer work as well, because passkeys have another mathematical trick up their sleeve: they’re always changing.
When you log in and your digital wallet has to send over an unlock code, the code it sends will only be valid or useful for a few seconds at a time — so even if a hacker does get hold of your key very briefly, 30 seconds later it will turn useless anyway.
So, next time you feel frustrated that you can’t remember your password, don’t worry too much. It won’t always be like this!
17．What can you do to log in to a device that is inaccessible to your passkey wallet?
A．Tapping a button on your phone.
B．Using a face scan to unlock your passkey wallet.
C．Searching a database of passwords to find the passkey.
D．Checking message concerning the credentials in the email.
18．The underlined word “counterintuitively” in the third paragraph means ______.
A．in line with what the institution has taught
B．contrary to what common sense would suggest
C．in accordance to what the instinct tells people
D．opposite to what is considered normal behavior
19．According to the article, why are passkeys safer?
A．Because each passkey is the only one of its kind that guards against data leakages.
B．Because passkey wallet will flash the right credentials without bothering to check memberships cards.
C．Because passkeys can completely get rid of the possibility of login details’ being stolen by hackers.
D．Because “public key” cryptography contains an enormous database of passwords of every website user.
20．The article is mainly about ______.
A．the inadaptability of passwords nowadays
B．the distinct features of passkeys nowadays
C．the difference between passkeys and passwords
D．the passkeys’ potential to replace passwords in the future
（2023·上海金山·统考二模）省略若干内容，如需完整版请按文末提示操作
Of course, you might be perfectly happy giving up all authority to the algorithms and trusting them to make decisions for you and for the rest of the world. If, however, you want to maintain some control over your personal existence and over the future of life in general, you have to run faster than the algorithms. To run fast, don’t take much luggage with you. Leave all yourillusions(幻想) behind. They are very heavy.
21．What does the underlined word “downplay” in paragraph 3 most probably mean?
A．Give too much emphasis on something.
B．Make people think that something is less important.
C．Offer your reasons why something is right or wrong.
D．Decide something in advance so that it does not happen.
22．According to the article, ___________ plays a vital role in children’s bright future.
A．imaginationB．adaptabilityC．self-disciplineD．a good sense of balance
23．It’s important to know our operating system because ___________.
A．if we don’t, algorithms will hack all our devices.
B．it is an essential skill for us to succeed in the world of 2050.
C．we need to learn how algorithms work and make full use of them.
D．we need to outrun algorithms to keep some control over our personal life.
24．The article mainly talks about _________.
A．the importance of knowing yourself
B．the threats and dangers of technology
C．what kind of skills we might need in the future
D．some potential benefits algorithms would bring to humankind
（2023·上海松江·统考二模）It’s 2076 and the skies are looking decidedly milky. On windy plains and in parts of the seas that have been turned over to wind farms, a different kind of tower has been built alongside theturbines(涡轮). They take in CO2out of the atmosphere. Vast parcels of land have been given over to forest. Trees are grown, harvested and burned for energy in power plants that don’t let CO2escape to the atmosphere. Instead, emissions are captured and driven underground. Powdered minerals are put into the water to absorb CO2and reduce ocean acidification.
All these technologies are a desperate action to reverse more than two centuries of greenhouse gas emissions. But they are not entirely up to the task and, anyway, we are still releasing greenhouse gases. “I think it’s very likely that in 60 years we’ll be using both technologies,” says John Shepherd of the University of Southampton, UK. He is referring to the two flavors of geoengineering: absorbing CO2out of the air and using a sunshade to reflect some of the sun’s rays back out into space.
There is no denying that climate talks are going too slowly and not so smoothly. Even if industrial emissions were to drop rapidly — a big if — some sections pose anintractableproblem. We have no real replacement for aeroplane fuel and feeding people demands intensive agriculture, which accounts for a quarter of global emissions.
Computer models suggest there will be winners and losers. While a sunshade could lower global average temperatures to pre-industrial levels, there would be regional differences. Northern Europe, Canada, Siberia and the poles would remain warmer than they were, and temperatures over the oceans would be cooler. Global warming is predicted to make wet regions wetter and dry ones drier. Models suggest a sunshade would correct this, but, again, not in a uniform way.
Shepherd fears all this will feed into international arguments. He imagines some kind of global council where governments seek a climate that meets their needs. Some might prefer a slightly warmer temperature, for tourism or agriculture. But nations whosecoral reefs(珊瑚礁) draw in visitors will probably want more CO2absorbing technologies.
In spite of all these concerns, most scientists hold that revolutionary technology and people’s awakening can shine a light on solutions in ways that are impossible now. There is undoubtedly a long way to go when we address problems facing mankind, but we can always anticipate something.
25．What is described in the first paragraph?
A．Future scenery and farming methods.
B．The development of transport technology.
C．The serious pollution problem in the very near future.
D．Future technologies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
26．The word “intractable” in paragraph 4 most probably means “______”.
A．solvableB．untypical
C．trickyD．existing
27．It can be inferred from the passage that ______.
A．climate talks haven’t achieved the expected results
B．industrial emissions will decrease greatly in 60 years
C．technologies to reduce CO2emission aren’t used properly for now
D．sunshades outshine intensive agriculture at capturing CO2emissions
28．What is the main idea of the passage?
A．Effective CO2absorbing technologies have come into wide use.
B．With greenhouse gas reduced, global warming can be addressed.
C．Future climate will improve with human efforts but threats still remain.
D．Future climate will restore to a normal state with advanced technology.
（2023·上海奉贤·统考二模）My 21-year-old niece, a second-year undergraduate, mentioned that she watches video lectures offline at twice the normal speed. Struck by this, I asked some other students I know. Many now routinely speed up their lectures when learning offline — often by 1.5 times, sometimes by even more. Speed learning is not for everyone, but there are websites where students discuss how odd it will be once they return to the lecture theatre. One contributor wrote: “Normal speed now sounds like drunk speed.”
Education was adapting to the digital world long before Covid-19 but, as with so many other human activities, the pandemic has given learning a huge push towards the virtual. Overnight, schools and universities closed and teachers and students had to find ways to do what they do only via the internet. “This is a time for schools and systems to reimagine education without schooling or classrooms,” says Professor Yong Zhao. Dr Jim Watterston in Australia thinks that, while the traditional classroom is still alive and well, education needs to be more adventurous and flexible. Earlier this year, Zhao and Watterston co-authored a paper in which they identified some major changes that should happen in education post-lockdown.
The first concerns the content, which should emphasize such things as creativity, critical thinking and leadership, rather than the collection and storage of information. “For humans to progress in the age of smart machines, it is essential that they do not compete with machines.”, they wrote, “Instead, they need to be more human.”
The second is that students should have more control over their learning, with the teacher’s role shifting from instructor to supervisor of learning resources, advisor and motivator. This is where so-called “active learning” comes in with a growing body of research suggesting that comprehension and memory are better when students learn in a hands-on way — through discussion and interactive technologies, for example. It’s also where the concept of “productive failure” applies. Professor Manu Kapurin argues that students learn better from their own or others’ failed attempts to solve a problem before or even instead of being told how to solve it.
If the progress of the times is unable to hold back the coming revolution in education, it seems unlikely that the traditional classroom is going to have any luck in its attempts trying to turn back the clock. As Laurillard puts it, “It took a global pandemic to drive home what we’ve been saying for 20 years.”
29．By giving examples of “speed learning” in the first paragraph, the author wants to show that _________.
A．digital world is dramatically reforming the way of learning.
B．speed learning completely replaces normal speed learning.
C．returning to the lecture theatre is strange after speed learning.
D．education begins to adapt to digital world after Covid-19.
30．According to the passage, which of the following statements isTRUE?
A．It is essential for smart machines to be more human.
B．Students should possess more information about creativity.
C．Students value others’ failure over their own failure.
D．“Active learning” calls for diverse ways of involvement.
31．According to Zhao and Watterston, the major changes in education should include _________.
①learning mode②learning motive③learning attitude④learning focus
A．①④B．②③C．①③D．②④
32．According to the passage, what does the author most probably agree with?
A．Speed learning harms students’ learning efficiency.
B．The coming revolution in education is irreversible.
C．Teachers will play a less important role in the future.
D．The traditional classrooms will eventually disappear.
（2023·上海嘉定·统考二模）Peter and Minke van Wingerden have created something wild: a herd of cows floating on the sea. The Dutch husband-and-wife team’s experiment on sustainable agriculture, called Floating Farm, can be found in the port of Rotterdam. The modernist structure houses 40 cows, who collectively produce some 200 gallons of milk a day. In addition to helpingnourish(滋养) the local community, the waterborne farm is playing a part in the global conversation about how the climate crisis is pushing farmers to reconsider how—and where—they produce food.
Floods, extreme heating, droughts and even rising night temperatures have sent the food system off balance. The race to outsmart the constant attack of extreme weather has made the world of farming unrecognizable from what it was only decades ago. A team of scientists in Mexico is developing wheat types that can adapt themselves to different climates, while Jack’s Solar Garden in Longmont, Colorado, is a testbed for the emerging method of solar farming.
Rotterdam has already established itself as one of the most climate-adaptive places in the world. Everything from office buildings to entire neighborhoods are built on water in the city, which is 90% below sea level. The Wingerdens’ Floating Farm was a new but necessary attempt. Should a weather crisis arise, a waterborne farm isn’t necessarily stuck in place. A former property developer with a background in engineering, Peter found his inspiration for the Floating Farm in a climate disaster in New York City, where Hurricane Sandy prevented the delivery of fresh food to millions.
The Wingerdens’ model is ripe for reproduction—which is exactly what the Floating Farm’s team of 14 are working on now. Plans are under way for a floating vegetable farm to move into the space next to the current Floating Farm. Permit applications are also out for similar structures in Dubai, Singapore and the Dutch cities of Haarlem and Arnhem.
The new projects will apply lessons learned from Floating Farm. “You need to build a house in order to know how to build a house,” Peter says. The biggest obstacles he sees ahead, however, are not financial or physical, but rather political and administrative. “One of the biggest challenges we come across worldwide is regulations. Cities need to havedisruptivethinking, cities need to have disruptive departments, and cities need to have areas where you can say: OK, this is the experimental zone.” Because what Peter and his team are pulling off is of a different order than the typical sustainability measures. “We are not innovative,” he says. “We are disruptive.”
33．Which of the following isTRUEabout the Floating Farm?
A．It is the first modern farming attempt to fight climate change.
B．It is a model of new agriculture in the age of climate crisis.
C．It has outsmarted other forms of farming like solar farming.
D．It copies a similar structure in Dubai ready for reproduction.
34．It can be inferred from the passage that ___________.
A．90% of the population in Rotterdam live below the sea level
B．The New York City is working hard to fight climate change
C．The local community will not be fed without new farming
D．Waterborne facilities are necessary to the future of Rotterdam
35．The phrase “disruptive thinking” in the last paragraph means “thinking __________”.
A．in a daring and unusual wayB．in a focused and logical way
C．in a careful and detailed wayD．in a rude and unpleasant way
36．Which of the following might be the best title of the passage?
A．Is Rotterdam Built on Water?
B．Can Floating Farming Survive?
C．Are Cows at Sea the Future of Farming?
D．Is Extreme Weather Affecting Agriculture?
（2023·上海宝山·统考二模）Far below every town and city lies an invisible network of pipes crucial to the lives of their residents. Once water disappears down a pipe or toilet, people rarely think about what happens to it. It’s out of sight, out of mind. The water flows into pipes that carryexcessrainwater, wastewater and solid waste away, keeping the city clean.
There are three main types ofsewers(下水道):sanitary(卫生的) sewers, storm sewers and combined sewers. Taipei has both sanitary and storm sewers where rainwater and sewage are collected using different pipes.
This sewer system functions as a city’sveins(静脉). Water containing human and industrial waste is collected in sanitary sewers and conveyed to sewage treatment plants, the heart of the sewer system, where waste is treated. There, the solid waste is separated from the water, which is then cleaned before being released back into the environment. It will be reused for industrial, agricultural or environmental purposes or to produce energy. Furthermore, the mud and gas from sewage treatment can be used to produce energy. They not only contribute to a healthy environment and good quality of life, but also achieve the goal of sustainable development.
While wastewater collection and treatment are critical to the health of urban residents, storm sewers also play an important role in the city. Green space has given way to concrete during the island’s rapid development and extensive building projects over the past few decades. As a consequence, there has been a loss of the land’s natural water as concrete cannot absorb rainwater. When an extreme weather event like a severe storm or typhoon brings heavy rain, storm sewers must cope with the water, so it does not flood the city. However, storm sewers are only part of the measures for water management and flood prevention.
To reduce flooding, an integrated urban drainage management plan has been adopted, where all the factors-storm sewers, land planning and economic development-are considered together. Engineering innovations, additional flood discharge facilities and increased green space requirements in new development projects have improved water maintaining in cities.
Who knew that sewers help improve urban public health, prevent urban flooding and boost environmental protection? Together they protect vital water resources and maintain the safety of people and property.
37．According to the passage, the word “excess” in the first paragraph probably means______.
A．uselessB．pollutedC．extraD．processed
38．According to the passage, what does the city build two kinds of sewers for?
A．To test wastewater timely and to develop rapidly.
B．To treat wastewater and to fight against flooding.
C．To form a circulation and to clean the city.
D．To clean wastewater and to manage water.
39．What can we conclude from the passage?
A．What is unseen is as important as what is seen.
B．There are three types of sewers in every city.
C．People build sewer system because of concrete.
D．Sewers are usually repaired every few decades.
40．What would be the proper title for the passage?
A．A City’s Underground Construction
B．A City’s Hidden Network
C．How A City Operates Well
D．Two Aspects of A City or Town
（2023·上海虹口·统考二模）Thecurb cut(下斜路缘). It’s a convenience that most of us rarely, if ever, notice. Yet, without it, daily life might be a lot harder—in more ways than one. Pushing a baby stroller onto the curb, skateboarding onto a sidewalk or taking a full grocery cart from the sidewalk to your car—all these tasks are easier because of the curb cut.
But it was created with a different purpose in mind.
It’s hard to imagine today, but back in the 1970s, most sidewalks in the United States ended with a sharp drop-off. That was a big deal for people in wheelchairs because there were noramps(斜坡) to help them move along city blocks without assistance. According to one disability rights leader, a six-inch curb“might as well have been Mount Everest”. So, activists from Berkeley, California, who also needed wheelchairs, organized a campaign to create tiny ramps at intersections to help people dependent on wheels move up and down curbs independently.
I think about the “curb cut effect” a lot when working on issues around healthequity(公平). The first time I even heard about the curb cut was in a 2017 Stanford Social Innovation Review piece by PolicyLink CEO Angela Blackwell. Blackwell rightly noted that many people see equity “as a zero-sum game.” Basically, that there is a “prejudiced societal suspicion that intentionally supporting one group hurts another.” What the curb cut effect shows though, Blackwell said, is that “when society creates the circumstances that allow those who have been left behind to participate and contribute fully, everyone wins.”
There are multiple examples of this principle at work. For example, investing in policies that create more living-wage jobs or increase the availability of affordable housing certainly benefits people in communities that have limited options. But, the action also empowers those people with opportunities for better health and the means to become contributing members of society—and that benefits everyone. Even the footballhuddle(围成一团以秘密商讨) was initially created to help deaf football players at Gallaudet College keep their game plans secret from opponents who could have read their sign language. Today, it’s used by every team to shield the opponent from learning about game-winning strategies.
So, next time you cross the street, or roll your suitcase through a crosswalk or ride your bike directly onto a sidewalk—think about how much the curb cut, that change in design that broke down walls of exclusion for one group of people at a disadvantage, has helped not just that group, but all of us.
41．By “might as well have been Mount Everest” (paragraph 3), the disability rights leader implies that a six-inch curb may become ________.
A．as famous as the world’s highest mountain
B．an almost impassable barrier
C．a connection between people
D．a most unforgettable matter
42．According to Angela Blackwell, many people believe that ________.
A．it’s fair to give the disadvantaged more help than others
B．it’s impossible to have everyone be treated equally
C．it’s necessary to go all out to help the disabled
D．it’s not worthwhile to promote health equity
43．Which of the following examples best illustrates the “curb cut effect” principle?
A．Spaceflight designs are applied to life on earth.
B．Four great inventions of China spread to the west.
C．Christopher Columbus discovered the new world.
D．Classic literature got translated into many languages.
44．What conclusion can be drawn from the passage?
A．Everyday items are originally invented for people with disabilities.
B．Everyone in a society should pursue what is in his or her interest.
C．A disability rights leader changed the life of his fellow men.
D．Caring for disadvantaged groups may finally benefit all.
（2023·上海崇明·统考二模）Gentle sound stimulation, also known as pink noise, may significantly enhance deep sleep in older adults and improve their ability to recall words, a new study has found.
Deep sleep is critical for memory consolidation. However, beginning in middle age, deep sleep decreases substantially, which scientists believe contributes to memory loss in aging. The sound stimulation significantly enhanced deep sleep in participants and their scores on a memory test. “This is an innovative, simple and safe non-medication approach that may help improve brain health,” said Phyllis Zee, professor at Northwestern University in the US. “This is a potential tool for enhancing memory in older populations andattenuatingnormal age-related memory decline,” said Zee.
Zee and a team of researchers gathered 13 adults, 60 and older, and monitored their sleep in a lab for two nights. On both nights, the participants took a memory test, went to bed while wearing headphones and a special cap, and took another memory test in the morning. But without the participants’ awareness, researchers only played pink noise into the headphones on one night. More specifically, they timed the sounds to match the participants’ slow-wave oscillations. During deep sleep, brain waves slow to about one oscillation per second, compared to about ten oscillations per second during wakefulness. The system they employed in the study allowed the team to deliver a low burst of pink noise at the “precise moment” when the participants’ slow waves rose — a pattern that is unique to each person.
The study found that participants’ slow waves increased after the night of sound stimulation, suggesting that they were getting more deep sleep. And on the morning after hearing pink noise, they performed three times better on memory tests than they did after sleeping without any sound stimulation.
Previous research showed pink noise during deep sleep could improve memory consolidation in young people. But it has not been tested in older adults. The new study targeted older individuals and used a novel sound system that increased the effectiveness of the sound stimulation in older populations.
The study was a relatively small one, so further research is needed to confirm its findings and to study how longer-term use of pink noise affects sleep. But Northwestern has taken steps to patent the researchers’ technology, which seems to have hit upon a way to stimulate slow waves at the right moment. The team hopes to develop an affordable device that people can use at home, from the comfort of their beds.
45．The new study mainly reveals that _____.
A．deep sleep consolidates old adults’ memory
B．pink noise boosts memory among the elderly
C．sleep disorders play a key role in memory loss
D．sound stimulation increases the length of sleep
46．The word “attenuating” in the second paragraph most probably means _____.
A．worseningB．reversingC．slowing downD．bringing about
47．What can be learned about the new study?
A．It employed a sound system programmed in step with brain waves.
B．It compared the effects on older adults and on younger populations.
C．It repeated the experiment several times without the participants’ notice.
D．It adjusted the participants’ slow-wave oscillations to match the stimulations.
48．It can be inferred that the approach used in the study _____.
A．may put old adults in risk in the long run
B．has the potential to be applied in practice
C．requires an innovative and affordable device
D．needs Northwestern’s patent for confirmation
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