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专题03：完形填空 -2023年高考英语二模试题分项汇编（原题版）

（2023·上海静安·统考二模）In a letter he wrote in 1884, Mark Twain complained that “Telephones, telegraphs and words are too slow for this age; we must get something that is faster.” “We should communicate by thought only, and say in a couple of minutes what should have ballooned into____1____in an hour and a half,” said him.

Despite the progress the previous century brought for our understanding of both language and the brain, we are no closer to telepathy(心灵感应), communication from one mind to another by____2____means, than we were in Twain’s time. The reason is that the telepathy we’ve been promised, the sort imagined by Twain, and____3____in countless movies and TV shows, is, for the time being, groundless.

“Good old-fashioned telepathy” (GOFT) involves a direct transfer of____4____from one mind to another. It has fascinated people for good reasons. It removes the____5____of language. With GOFT, we no longer need to put each concept into words or to____6____someone’s language. You know instantly what one means as the former channel of communication, language, is not at all necessary. The____7____of language is the central feature of GOFT. It is what enables science-fiction writers to imagine humans and aliens from other planets communicating telepathically despite not sharing a language. But can it really come true with current science and technology?

Besides, GOFT promises genuine communication. However,____8____is universal. We all have experiences of saying one thing, only to be understood as saying something else. Because language is so flexible, it is also easy to lie or____9____oneself.We aren’t even certain if Bob’s expression could be in line with what he believes in a year’s time.

These weaknesses have driven people to look for alternatives and finally inspired inventions of artificial languages trying to remove misunderstanding. Of course, one day when technology allows, a direct thought-to-thought transfer seems the____10____solution.

Many of us have the confidence that we can think faster than we can speak or write. Having to rely____11____on language to communicate, however, is depressing. Therefore, the____12____of adding new direct brain-to-brain communication channels is exciting. By channels of this kind, our brains can be “____13____” and allowed to be committed to other____14____practices instead of conveying messages.New brain-to-brain channels have the potential to increase____15____, turning us into super-actors, handling so many tasks in a short period of time as we cannot yet imagine.

1．A．wordsB．gesturesC．actionsD．costs

2．A．extra-geneticB．extra-familialC．extra-sensoryD．extra-legal

3．A．sacrificedB．popularizedC．enclosedD．balanced

4．A．strengthB．intelligenceC．thoughtsD．structures

5．A．limitationsB．expensesC．commandD．evolution

6．A．replaceB．updateC．decodeD．imitate

7．A．avoidanceB．discriminationC．employmentD．expansion

8．A．reluctanceB．privacyC．fearD．misinterpretation

9．A．contradictB．indicateC．delayD．justify

10．A．multipleB．invisibleC．ultimateD．equivalent

11．A．roughlyB．casuallyC．entirelyD．willingly

12．A．distractionB．prospectC．originD．regulation

13．A．fed upB．set upC．cut offD．let loose

14．A．profitableB．meaningfulC．steadyD．typical

15．A．charmB．recognitionC．efficiencyD．endurance

（2023·上海浦东新·统考二模）A recent series of studies examined the role of talent in the sports world. They focused on three different sports: World Cup soccer, professional basketball, and professional baseball. The results are mixed. For soccer and basketball, the studies revealed that adding talented players to a team is indeed a (n)___16___strategy, but only up to a point. Performance___17___when about 70% of the players were considered top talent. Above that level, the team’s performance began to decline. Interestingly, this trend was not evident in baseball, where additional___18___talent continued to enhance the team’s performance. (Figure 1 and 2)

In looking for an explanation for the different results for different sports, the researchers___19___one important factor — the extent to which a good performance by a team required its members tocoordinate(协调) their actions. This task___20___distinguishes baseball from basketball and soccer.

In baseball, the performance of individual players is___21___teammates than in soccer and basketball. The researchers concluded that when, during the course of play, task interdependence is high, team performance will___22___when there is too much talent in the group. When task interdependence is lower,___23___individual talent will have a positive effect on team performance.

One explanation for this phenomenon is not so far from thepecking order(等级排序) situation among chickens. If a basketball star is pursuing his own personal goals,___24___trying to gather a high personal point total, he may be less___25___than team player. He may take a shot himself when it would be better to pass the ball to a team mate, thus making the team’s overall performance suffer. “There is no___26___in TEAM,” young children learning to play team sports are often told. Apparently stars___27___follow this basic principle of sportsman ship.

Another possibility is that when there is a lot of talent on a team, some players may begin to___28___This is referred to as the Ringelmann effect. Ringelmann conducted an experiment in which he asked two, three, four, and up to 28 people to participate in a game of tug-of-war. He measured how much force each person used to pull the rope. He found that whenever he added a person to the team, everyone else pulled with less force.

___29___the ideal team — for sports, business, science, or entertainment — is more complicated than simply hiring the best talent. An A-team may require a___30___not just A players, but a few generous B players as well.

16．A．sensibleB．partialC．alarmingD．attainable

17．A．fadedB．peakedC．evolvedD．proceeded

18．A．teamB．creativeC．academicD．individual

19．A．identifiedB．overlookedC．consideredD．concealed

20．A．explanationB．conclusionC．discussionD．interdependence

21．A．more suitable forB．more critical toC．less dependent onD．less involved in

22．A．swingB．sufferC．endureD．function

23．A．in principleB．in a senseC．in other wordsD．on the other hand

24．A．as a ruleB．by contrastC．for exampleD．as a matter of fact

25．A．stressedB．genuineC．sensitiveD．generous

26．A．IB．HEC．THEYD．WE

27．A．closelyB．rarelyC．humblyD．jointly

28．A．make less effortB．cause more troubleC．take less advantageD．attach more importance

29．A．InspiringB．IntensifyingC．GatheringD．Training

30．A．explorationB．balanceC．stabilityD．flexibility

（2023·上海青浦·统考二模）Take Heart, and Take Risks

Recently, we carried out an interesting social experiment. The participants were asked to choose between two___31___: throw a coin to win one billion dollars if the coin happens to land on heads, or get a 10-million-dollar cheque without even throwing the coin.

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31．A．gamesB．facesC．optionsD．perspectives

32．A．accessB．evaluateC．loseD．satisfy

33．A．ran outB．set outC．gave outD．turned out

34．A．courageousB．riskyC．confidentD．mature

35．A．contestantsB．cooperatorsC．figuresD．partners

36．A．subject toB．contrary toC．agreeable toD．relevant to

37．A．providesB．puzzlesC．leansD．drives

38．A．scaledB．declinedC．consideredD．weighed

39．A．visualizingB．pursuingC．connectingD．announcing

40．A．tendencyB．investmentC．currencyD．proposal

41．A．depositB．captureC．separateD．sacrifice

42．A．eye-catchingB．groundbreakingC．risk-takingD．trustworthy

43．A．departB．benefitC．emergeD．suffer

44．A．send forB．apply forC．account forD．settle for

45．A．warnB．forceC．guideD．retire

（2023·上海闵行·统考二模）What will you do when you are hungry? Of course, anyone would go and grab something to eat. And then, what determines the___46___of food you take in? You may not be right if your answer is the degree of hunger. The conventional concept that____47____is the key factor is open to challenge. In recent years, a growing body of research has shown that our appetite and foodintake(摄入) are influenced by a large number of factors besides our____48____need for energy. Some of the factors include our eating____49____and our perception of the food in front of us.

Studies have shown that____50____eating, for instance, eating while watching TV, or a similar distraction, can increase both hunger and food consumption. Even simple____51____clues, like plate size and lighting, have been shown to affect consumption.

A new study suggested that our short-term____52____also may play a role in appetite. Several hours after a meal, people’s hunger levels were predicted not by how much they’d eaten but rather by how much food they’d seen in front of them —____53____, how much they remembered eating.

This difference suggests that the recall of our previous meal may have a bigger influence on our___54___than the actual size of the meal, says Jeffrey M. Brunstrom, a professor of experimental psychology at the University of Bristol.

These findings agree with the earlier research that suggests our perception of food can sometimes______55______our body’s response to the food itself. In a 2011 study, for instance, people who drank the same 380-calorie milkshake on two______56______occasions produced different levels of hunger-relatedhormones(荷尔蒙), depending on whether the shake’s______57______said it contained 620 or 140 calories. Moreover, the participants reported feeling______58______when they thought they’d consumed a higher-calories shake.

What does this mean to our eating habits? Although it hardly seems practical to cheat ourselves into eating less, the new findings do highlight the benifit of focusing on our food, avoiding TV and multitasking while eating. The so-called mindful-eating strategies can fight against______59______while we are eating. By______60______mindful eating techniques, you have the opportunity to change your current eating habits by becoming more self-aware and in tune to your body’s hunger cues.

46．A．qualityB．amountC．nutrientD．variety

47．A．deliciousnessB．hungerC．nutritionD．flavor

48．A．occasionalB．potentialC．externalD．biological

49．A．environmentB．contentC．timeD．ability

50．A．habitualB．purposefulC．unfocusedD．absorbed

51．A．optionalB．visualC．hiddenD．flexible

52．A．vacancyB．hungerC．supplyD．memory

53．A．in other wordsB．as a wholeC．by all meansD．all in all

54．A．motiveB．growthC．appetiteD．health

55．A．advocateB．trickC．justifyD．enhance

56．A．identicalB．alternativeC．dependentD．separate

57．A．labelB．functionC．usageD．material

58．A．wiserB．healthierC．happierD．fuller

59．A．distressB．wasteC．distractionD．fullness

60．A．employingB．perceivingC．clarifyingD．assuming

（2023·上海奉贤·统考二模）One summer midnight several years ago, standing outside a wooden cabin in Michigan River, I looked up. The sky was filled with thousands of stars, the sight of which was almost enough to make me, a non-believer, offer a word of_____61_____up into the star-filled sky. But to whom? Perhaps to Johan Eklof, author ofThe Darkness Manifesto.

As a bat scientist, Eklof’s work on bats requires a specific kind of darkness—the_____62_____kind, unpolluted by light. But this category of darkness is_____63_____. In the 1980s, Eklof tells readers, two-thirds of the churches in Sweden’s southwest housed bat colonies. Not any longer. “Today, forty years later, research I’ve done with my colleagues shows that this number has been reduced by a third,_____64_____light pollution and other factors. Because the churches are all_____65_____likecarnivals(嘉年华) in the night,” he writes. “We are surrounding ourselves with light.”

Excess light is incredibly_____66_____to the complex eco-systemsnocturnal(夜间活动的) animals inhabit. It_____67_____away the bats that Eklof studies. It frightens light-sensitive moths, leaving them easily_____68_____topredation(捕食) or flying endlessly into lights that will never return their love. Baby turtles crawl away from the shoreline toward the lights of distant coastal cities and reef fish eggs go unhatched. Birds do not migrate_____69_____and even they forget to sing. Modern advancements such as LED lights could significantly reduce some of the worst impacts, but they have not. At least, not yet.

It is worth mentioning that middle-aged writer like Eklof can______70______for a darker world — for darkened campuses and unlit parking lots. But darkness is not safe for everyone. We need to address the social issues that make lighted places so______71______in the first place.

The bottom line: We can change if we want to. Some of the solutions to light pollution— motion-detecting lights, shielded lights that do not______72______light upward, artificial light with wavelengths that is similar to natural light—are already within our grasp, if we just______73______them. “We could just turn it all off, but I guess we don’t want to,” said Eklof in a recent interview. “______74______, it’s vital we find a middle way.”

Right now it is hard to know what that middle way might look like. In 50 years, every city could be equipped with an array of programmed and______75______low-impact LED lights. Or we might have completely forgotten what darkness is—the sky filled with little moons.

61．A．honourB．gratitudeC．optimismD．determination

62．A．artificialB．brilliantC．faintD．absolute

63．A．achievedB．distractedC．enhancedD．threatened

64．A．resulting fromB．bringing aboutC．judging byD．contributing to

65．A．decoratedB．restoredC．litD．faded

66．A．effectiveB．sensitiveC．positiveD．destructive

67．A．scaresB．blowsC．pullsD．turns

68．A．accustomedB．subjectC．availableD．restricted

69．A．on dutyB．in turnC．on timeD．in public

70．A．stimulateB．advocateC．negotiateD．account

71．A．challengingB．appealingC．demandingD．outstanding

72．A．absorbB．stretchC．transformD．reflect

73．A．reach forB．apply toC．long forD．adapt to

74．A．ThereforeB．FurthermoreC．HoweverD．Instead

75．A．fundamentallyB．scientificallyC．environmentallyD．economically

（2023·上海嘉定·统考二模）Has someone ever told you something that made you doubt your own memory or judgment? If so, you may be a___76___of gaslighting. “Gaslighting” is a kind of psychological abuse to gain___77___over others by purposely makingother people think they’re wrong even when they’re right. The term comes from Patrick Hamilton’s play in 1938. Lead character Jack Manningham seeks to convince his wife Bella that she is___78___, by saying she is imagining the dimming (变暗) of the gas light in their home, when it was actually he who lowered the brightness of the light.

Gaslighting is initially used to talk about what happens in romantic relationships. However, many individuals also experience gaslighting at work.___79___,a recent survey has found that 58% of the respondents said they have experienced gaslighting at work. It’s___80___since gaslighting usually involves a power relationship and a need to control others. In the workplace, the___81___between a boss and his employee can be the perfect breeding (滋生的) ground for this type of behavior. Your boss might tell you to handle an assignment in a certain way, but when you do, he gets___82___and says it wasn’t what he wanted. It makes you feel like your memory is___83___. In other situations, your boss may exclude you from a meeting___84___and when you ask him about it, he might accuse you of being too sensitive instead of answering your question directly.

In order to find out whether your boss’s behavior really___85___gaslighting or he is just a poor communicator, you could write down your experiences and ask yourself what really happened, what his motives might have been, and how your emotion was___86___. But always be careful because gaslighters know how to fly under the radar (雷达). They are skilled at weakening an employee’s confidence and sense of reality in a clever and___87___way.

To protect yourself, at the end of the conversation with your boss, repeat back what you heard and follow up with an e-mail restating the main points,___88___the interactions between you two. But don’t get your hopes high that this will automatically solve the problem, Robin Stern, author ofThe Gaslight Effect,warns, because it’s hard to get a gaslighter to___89___his behavior pattern. If things don’t improve, you may want to consider getting out of the gaslighting situation by looking for a new position. It may be one of the best things you can do for your___90___well-being.

76．A．creatorB．victimC．hostD．scholar

77．A．powerB．wealthC．supportD．experience

78．A．having funB．feeling angryC．going crazyD．becoming younger

79．A．By comparisonB．Worse stillC．After allD．In fact

80．A．unsurprisingB．irrelevantC．unnecessaryD．improper

81．A．harmoniesB．dynamicsC．phasesD．replacements

82．A．annoyedB．interestedC．frightenedD．excited

83．A．visualB．painfulC．faultyD．lasting

84．A．at randomB．for sureC．in timeD．on purpose

85．A．recommendsB．constitutesC．escapesD．discovers

86．A．facilitatedB．affectedC．representedD．monitored

87．A．hard-to-proveB．easy-to-spotC．safe-to-learnD．tough-to-survive

88．A．interruptingB．overcomingC．abandoningD．documenting

89．A．submitB．attainC．changeD．forgive

90．A．emotionalB．physicalC．virtualD．economic

（2023·上海松江·统考二模）An interesting study foundcapuchin monkeys(僧帽猴), like humans, are guided by social emotions. Try paying one monkey with grapes and another with cucumbers for the___91___amount of work and you may be surprised at the results! The monkey who got the cucumbers will probably___92___working for you. He may even throw out the cucumbers, even though monkeys are usually___93___to receive them, says Sarah Brosnan, a psychology professor at Georgia State University.

That experiment by Brosnan and Frans de Wall published in 2003 inNaturewas one of the first to show that animals may have an assessment for___94___— a moral sense that many researchers previously thought only humans possessed. Since then, many results have suggested that animals — particularly those that depend on___95___for their survival may have an inborn sense of justice.

Social animals, which are interdependent for a living, will___96___share rewards with others who worked toward the same goal. “The built-in sense didn’t develop first in humans. It’s possibly something that began in social species, and___97___to us.” Brosnan said in an interview.

One study___98___that some animals particularly the ones that hunt together divide up the rewards. Another study even finds that animals will occasionally deliver a better reward to a partner than they themselves___99___. In research by Brosnan and her colleagues published inAmerican Journal of Primatology, two capuchin monkeys had to work together to pull a plate of food to their cages. But before they began pulling, the monkeys had to decide which one would get a grape and which one would get an apple slice.____100____fighting over the grape or always letting the leading monkey eat it, the animals generally vary roles on the way, so they both earned some grapes and some apple slices, Brosnan found. In cases where the____101____monkey always got the good food, the other monkey were likely to give up participating. More often than not, it preferred to____102____a reward than be paid unfairly.

According to Brosnan, that tendency to share rewards fairly probably developed as a result of the way capuchins work together to hunt. “If we are hunting and I am not giving you much of the kill, you would be better off finding another____103____,” she says.

However, interpreting animal behavior through human eyes can be____104____, observes Marc Hauser, a Harvard psychology professor and evolutionary biologist. In the cucumber-grape study, for example, the monkeys could have____105____the cucumbers simply because they were annoyed that they didn’t get a grape once they saw it.

91．A．variousB．enormousC．equalD．superb

92．A．riskB．restartC．quitD．fancy

93．A．matureB．contentC．passiveD．shocked

94．A．stabilityB．reputationC．enduranceD．fairness

95．A．necessitiesB．rewardsC．emotionD．cooperation

96．A．naturallyB．barelyC．surprisinglyD．occasionally

97．A．evolvedB．communicatedC．deliveredD．referred

98．A．deniesB．predictsC．indicatesD．suspects

99．A．discoverB．receiveC．expectD．present

100．A．Instead ofB．Thanks toC．Regardless ofD．Prior to

101．A．diligentB．dominantC．generousD．outgoing

102．A．saveB．admireC．shareD．refuse

103．A．partnerB．roleC．huntD．task

104．A．criticalB．pessimisticC．problematicD．marvellous

105．A．set asideB．thrown awayC．held ontoD．aimed at

（2023·上海金山·统考二模）It is Nobel Prize week, the one week every year when people from all corners of the globe celebrate science, read aboutribosomes(核糖体), and give their best shot at trying to understand particle physics. It is also the one week when science is guaranteed some prime headline space on mainstream news outlets. And yet the science Nobels (in medicine, physics, and chemistry) present a(n)___106___view of science.

The problem starts with the___107___of prize-winners selected every year. The rules governing the Nobel Prize___108___it to just three winners in each category. This means that for every discovery that is awarded a Nobel, the majority of contributing scientists end up being___109___.

As a matter of fact, science has never been a(n)___110___effort. Isaac Newton stood on the “shoulders of giants”; Neil Armstrong’s “one small step” was a dream realized by hundreds of thousands of engineers and scientists. Science is, and always has been, and repetitive process where individuals draw on discoveries made by others to___111___advance the boundaries of human knowledge. Yes, Albert Einstein famously won the Nobel Prize all by himself for a paper he alone authored, but he could not have made his discoveries without___112___work by Max Planck, James Maxwell, and several others.

To make matters worse, typical of the Nobel Prizes, none of the___113___was a first author on any of the publications cited by the prize announcements. The first author of a scientific paper is typically the person who did the hands-on laboratory work, usually a graduate student or young post-doctoral researcher. It is precisely these___114___researchers who are in greater need of the Nobel Prize money than their generallytenured(终身的) supervisors.

More basically, awarding the prizes to only three scientists spreads a vision of science as an individual enterprise. By ensuring that graduate students are not given____115____recognition, the prizesreinforce(加强) the mistaken image of a scientist as an old white man in a lab coat. This can only____116____gender and racial inequalities in science, especially further along in an academic career.

Any one of these reasons is sufficient to____117____the Nobel Prizes. Here is one idea: Award the Nobel Prizes not to____118____but for discoveries; donate the prize money to an international science fund to promote further exploration in each year’s prize-winning field of research.

A science-oriented Nobel, rather than a scientist-oriented one, would educate the public in the most important scientific developments and,____119____, stimulate new scientific progress by using the prize money to fund the next generation of researchers. Science works best when the____120____of one generation of scientists are paid forward to drive the next to even greater heights. That is to say, scientists of different generations work with joint efforts to support future scientific advancements for the betterment of society as a whole.

106．A．strangeB．outdatedC．all-roundD．advanced

107．A．qualityB．diversityC．disciplineD．figure

108．A．restrictB．extendC．relateD．apply

109．A．employedB．ignoredC．respectedD．nominated

110．A．terrificB．constantC．intellectualD．individual

111．A．naturallyB．rapidlyC．graduallyD．personally

112．A．previousB．subsequentC．physicalD．commercial

113．A．employeesB．addresseesC．awardeesD．refugees

114．A．chief-positionB．early-careerC．senior-managementD．academic-world

115．A．dueB．immediateC．literaryD．governmental

116．A．turn downB．level offC．take awayD．step up

117．A．claimB．reformC．presentD．announce

118．A．organizersB．researchersC．sponsorsD．supervisors

119．A．in factB．in comparisonC．in theoryD．in turn

120．A．legendsB．spiritsC．achievementsD．mysteries

（2023·上海崇明·统考二模）It’s long been known that sugary drinks help people pack on unwanted kilograms. But new research suggests that___121___drinks and even 100% fruit juice might raise your risk for some cancers. The study couldn’t prove cause and effect, but it found that drinking as little as 90-120ml of sugary drinks each day was___122___to an 18% rise in overall risk for cancer.

The new study was led by Mathilde Touvier, research director at the University of Paris. Her team collected data on more than 100,000 French men and women, average age 42, who took part in a national___123___.

The participants answered questions about how much of 3,300 different foods and drinks they consumed each day, and were___124___for up to nine years.

The study uncovered links between the consumption of sugary drinks and the risk of cancer___125___, and for breast cancer specifically. The investigators found no association between sugary drinks andprostate or colon cancers(前列腺或结肠癌), but the authors stressed that too few people in the study developed these cancers to make this finding___126___. The research___127___no links betweendiet sodas(无糖汽水) and cancer, although more study is needed to confirm that, the authors noted.

The connection between sugary drinks and cancer remained the same even after the team___128___for age, sex, educational level, family history of cancer, smoking and physical activity, the researchers said.

So, why the___129___? According to Touvier’s team, high-calorie drinks may raise cancer risk because sugar helps build body fat, in addition to raising blood sugar levels andinflammation(发炎) — all of which are risk___130___for cancer. It’s also possible that chemicals found in these drinks might play a part in___131___cancer risk, the researchers theorized.

A group representing the drinks industry said sugary drinks can still be a part of the___132___diet, however. In a statement, the American Beverage Association said: “It’s important for people to know that all drinks — either with sugar or without — are___133___to consume as part of a balanced diet. America’s leading drinks companies are working together to support consumers’ efforts to___134___the sugar they consume from our drinks by providing more choices with less sugar or zero sugar, smaller package sizes and clear calorie information right up front.”

Samantha Heller is a senior clinical nutritionist at NYU Langone Medical Center in New York City. She said she wasn’t___135___by the findings. She noted that, for decades, these drinks have been linked with diseases such as heart disease. On the other hand, “most of us should be drinking more water than we do,” Heller said.

121．A．icedB．mineralC．bottledD．sweetened

122．A．tiedB．devotedC．reducedD．limited

123．A．gameB．studyC．ceremonyD．examination

124．A．checkedB．cagedC．occupiedD．followed

125．A．in generalB．without exceptionC．on the contraryD．by accident

126．A．unreliableB．unexpectedC．authoritativeD．original

127．A．uncoveredB．anticipatedC．establishedD．hid

128．A．huntedB．adjustedC．preparedD．mounted

129．A．researchB．similarityC．connectionD．impact

130．A．behaviorsB．assessmentsC．perceptionsD．factors

131．A．explainingB．increasingC．preventingD．predicting

132．A．localB．nutritionalC．averageD．conventional

133．A．safeB．impossibleC．exceptionalD．effective

134．A．neutralizeB．digestC．removeD．reduce

135．A．annoyedB．surprisedC．embarrassedD．delighted

（2023·上海宝山·统考二模）You have to make a speech. You have done your research and now have plenty of ideas bouncing around in your head that you want to get across. The big___136___you face at this point is how to organize those thoughts. Or perhaps you are planning to write a paper, and all you have is the main topic. You need to brainstorm some supporting ideas and then___137___how those ideas fit together.

These are just two cases that many people deal with___138___. Some use outlining to flesh out and___139___their ideas, but is that the best strategy? If everyone thought in alinear(线性的) manner, then the answer would be yes, but most people don’t.

Enter mind mapping, a___140___that shows how different ideas and facts relate to one another. Thistwo-dimensional(二维的)___141___is designed to help you remember information because its format is easy for your mind to___142___. Mind maps have proven to increase not only productivity and___143___but also memory. More than 250 million people worldwide use them, so why don’t youhave a try and see what they are all about?

What is a mind map? Simply put, it is one’s ideas put into the form of a___144___diagram that starts with a central idea. Put this idea in abubble(气泡) in the middle of a page with lines radiating out to other bubbles that contain related themes or concepts. It should look like a many-legged spider. Use words, short phrases or____145____to express your ideas. These associations often lead to other ideas that can be added at the same level or in smaller branches where____146____. Use color-coded bubbles for a visual representation of each branch’s____147____. You are now mapping your thoughts and ideas in the way your brain thinks.

Studies have shown that this technique of using pictures, colors and visual arrangement has improved people’s recall and memory of information by 10 to 15 percent. But it doesn’t stop there. Creativity is aroused because of the spatial arrangement,____148____people to make more links and associations on topics of any kind.____149____, it increases one’s productivity because mind mapping makes it easier to learn faster while communicating more effectively.

So whether you’re____150____a project or writing a research paper, make this technique a core part of your planning process!

136．A．purposeB．changeC．questionD．project

137．A．turn outB．take outC．give outD．figure out

138．A．consequentlyB．frequentlyC．entirelyD．barely

139．A．organizeB．expressC．shareD．spread

140．A．processB．foundationC．techniqueD．result

141．A．routeB．structureC．objectiveD．direction

142．A．rememberB．confirmC．drawD．design

143．A．confidenceB．capacityC．efficiencyD．creativity

144．A．vividB．specialC．visualD．normal

145．A．imagesB．sentencesC．passagesD．languages

146．A．obviousB．appropriateC．meaningfulD．empty

147．A．functionB．extensionC．connectionD．determination

148．A．encouragingB．enablingC．remindingD．informing

149．A．AdditionallyB．SincerelyC．BrieflyD．Generally

150．A．in love withB．in terms ofC．in favour ofD．in charge of

（2023·上海虹口·统考二模）Food-delivery firms are coming of age. Among teens and millennials, ordering food online is as____151____a habit as booking a room online. Just how____152____consumers are is clear from financial documents by DoorDash, America’s biggest food-delivery company. From January to September that year, it booked orders worth $16 billion, up by 198% year on year.

The majority of America’s 700,000 or so eateries now____153____by means of a delivery app. Modern life makes people rely more on convenience food, as more women work and everybody is____154____time. In doing so, it has also changed one of Silicon Valley’s most criticizedbusiness models.

Restaurants entered the digital world two decades ago when Takeaway.com in Europe and Grubhub in America put menus____155____. Restaurants delivered the food themselves and the middlemen were reliably profitable.____156____, the new “third-party logistics” firms like DoorDash and Uber Eats have to share the bills, which average around $30, three ways. Once drivers and restaurants take their____157____, not much is left.

Until recently none of these startup firms made____158____, even in emerging markets where labour costs are far lower. Lack of obvious economies of scale or barriers to entry meant several competitors were fighting over market share by offering diners____159____discounts — and bleeding red ink in the process. They also faced the prospect of a sharp_____160_____in labour costs, as California passed a law that required companies to treat app-based workers as full employees.

_____161_____, the American firm’s numbers contained plenty to chew on. DoorDash is generating cash and is profitable on an adjusted basis. Its in-app ads business offers juicy margins. The company sees itself as the digital hub for the convenience economy, connecting merchants, customers and riders; the word “platform” arose 646 times in its filing. It has even started delivering groceries and convenience-store items and selling last-mile_____162_____to other companies. Looking ahead, high unemployment amid a continuing economic downturn should mean lots of cheap labour.

Other facts are_____163_____to swallow. DoorDash warns that growth will slow as more people are going back to work after the virus declined. The share prices of many listed digital firms that benefited from lockdowns and self-isolating consumers_____164_____on the news of an effectivevaccine(疫苗). And despite their critics’ defeat in California,gig firms(招临工的公司) will continue to face accusations of_____165_____their workers. In this respect, DoorDash has already joined the club of listed tech platforms.

151．A．establishedB．cautiousC．curiousD．annoying

152．A．aim-orientedB．addictedC．excitedD．well-informed

153．A．collectB．relayC．forecastD．distribute

154．A．friendly toB．experienced inC．short ofD．responsible for

155．A．outsideB．rightC．onlineD．free

156．A．By contrastB．For instanceC．To sum upD．In turn

157．A．edgeB．roleC．cutD．price

158．A．moneyB．callsC．complaintsD．movement

159．A．tradeB．generousC．meanD．cash

160．A．breakB．divisionC．blowD．rise

161．A．MoreoverB．ThereforeC．HoweverD．Consequently

162．A．advertisingB．deliveryC．insuranceD．productivity

163．A．harderB．quickerC．easierD．slower

164．A．doubledB．lastC．mountedD．fell

165．A．taking advantage ofB．going along with

C．looking out forD．putting up with

（2023·上海宝山·统考模拟预测）Owing to the recent pandemic （流行病）researchers have been trying to find more ways to kill viruses, and one result of their work involves___166___.

It has long been known that ultraviolet（UV）（紫外线的）light can destroy microbes such as bacteria and viruses. It is already used as a cleaning agent in hospitals and to___167___air and water but only when people aren't around. That's because there are three types of UV light: UVA, UVB and UVC． and they are all___168___to humans. UVA and UVB exposure can___169___skin cancer, while UVB is responsible for sunburns. UVC light is mostly absorbed by the Earth's atmosphere, but it is even more dangerous. Artificial UVC light can pass through the outer layer of skin and eye cells to___170___the living cells underneath.

___171___, there is a type of UVC light, known as far-UVC, which does not pass through the outer layer of cells. But studies of the long-term effects of far-UVC on humans,___172___studies on groups comprising more than 20 people, are not available.

Researcher David Brenner has helped develop a far-UVC light that kills viruses and bacteria. In a normal-sized room, five lamps___173___the number of microbes by 98 percent in less than five minutes. To achieve results like this through ventilation（通风设备）alone, the air would have to be changed 184 times per hour, which is currently___174___. Even at lower settings, the lamps still killed 92 percent of viruses in 15 minutes.

Countries vary in their standards for how much UV light people are allowed to be____175____to. Since Brenner's team was operating in the United States, he observed American____176____, which are less strict than those of some countries such as Germany. But even working within Germany's lower limit of UV light exposure, Brenner's lights still decrease the number of microbes____177____. Brenner argues that using the lights, even____178____Germany's regulations, would likely have reduced the number of people who died from Covid-19.

In the future, far-UVC lamps may be____179____in all public spaces. Researchers hope that installation and use of such lamps could prevent future____180____. Although more extensive research needs to be done, there is hope that this will be their effect.

166．A．electricityB．soundC．lightD．air

167．A．cleanB．separateC．produceD．mix

168．A．beneficialB．harmfulC．influentialD．essential

169．A．turn toB．refer toC．owe toD．lead to

170．A．damageB．avoidC．protectD．absorb

171．A．MoreoverB．HoweverC．ThereforeD．Meanwhile

172．A．as much asB．as forC．as a result ofD．as well as

173．A．increasedB．explodedC．reducedD．lightened

174．A．definiteB．impossibleC．realisticD．sensible

175．A．extendedB．coveredC．exposedD．warned

176．A．standardsB．featuresC．policiesD．orders

177．A．permanentlyB．instantlyC．completelyD．significantly

178．A．designingB．obeyingC．applyingD．experimenting

179．A．commonB．unusualC．seldomD．doubtful

180．A．lampsB．projectsC．pandemicsD．diseases

（2023·上海·模拟预测）Now that we have briefly explored the history of the short story and heard from a few of its creators, let us consider the role of the reader. Readers are not empty vessels that wait,___181___raised, to receive a teacher’s or a critic’s interpretation. They bring their unique life experiences to the story. With these___182___, the best readers also bring their attention, their reading skills, and most importantly, their___183___to a reading of a story.

My students always___184___me to discuss, analyze, interpret, and evaluate the stories we read without destroying the excitement of being beamed up into another world. For years I___185___with one response after the other to this challenge. Then one day I read an article by a botanist who had explored the beauty of flowers by x-raying them. His illustrations showed the rose and the lily in their___186___beauty, and his x-rays___187___the wonders of their construction. I brought the article to class, where we discussed the benefits of examining the internal structure of flowers, relationships, current events, and short stories.

A short story,___188___, is not a fossil to admire. Readers must ask questions, guess at the answers,___189___what will happen next, then read to discover. They and the author form a partnership that brings the story to life. Awareness of this partnership keeps the original excitement alive through discussion, analysis, interpretation, and____190____. Literary explorations allow the reader to admire the authors’____191____as well as their artistry. In fact, original appreciation may be enhanced by this x-ray vision. The final step is to appreciate once again the story____192____— to put the pieces back together.

Now it is your turn. Form a partnership with your author. During your____193____in reading, enter into a dialogue with the published scholars featured in Short Stories for Students. Through this____194____with experts you will revise, enrich, or____195____your original observations and interpretations.

During this adventure, I hope you will feel the same as the listeners that surround the neck of my Pueblo storyteller.

181．A．handsB．sailsC．flagsD．lids

182．A．considerationsB．explorationsC．associationsD．interpretations

183．A．imaginationB．eagernessC．determinationD．affection

184．A．beggedB．supportedC．encouragedD．challenged

185．A．dealtB．struggledC．foughtD．engaged

186．A．externalB．artificialC．classicalD．traditional

187．A．ensuredB．analyzedC．revealedD．delivered

188．A．howeverB．furthermoreC．thereforeD．besides

189．A．interpretB．anticipateC．predictD．tell

190．A．conclusionB．evaluationC．summaryD．appreciation

191．A．craftsmanshipB．intentionsC．depthD．character

192．A．by itselfB．in vainC．in questionD．as a whole

193．A．observationB．involvementC．experimentD．adventure

194．A．journeyB．processC．dialogueD．contact

195．A．recallB．confirmC．identifyD．cancel

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