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(2021·全国甲卷·D)话题:天才　词数:305　难度:★★★★

Who is a genius? This question has greatly interested humankind for centuries.

Let's state clearly: Einstein was a genius. His face is almost the international symbol for genius. But we want to go beyond one man and explore the nature of genius itself. Why is it that some people are so much more intelligent or creative than the rest of us? And who are they?

In the sciences and arts, those praised as geniuses were most often white men, of European origin. Perhaps this is not a surprise. It's said that history is written by the victors, and those victors set the standards for admission to the genius club. When contributions were made by geniuses outside the club—women, or people of a different color or belief—they were unacknowledged and rejected by others.

A study recently published by Sciencefound that as young as age six, girls are less likely than boys to say that members of their gender(性别)are “really, really smart.” Even worse, the study found that girls act on that belief: Around age six they start to avoid activities said to be for children who are “really, really smart.” Can our planet afford to have any great thinkers become discouraged and give up? It doesn't take a genius to know the answer: absolutely not.

Here's the good news. In a wired world with constant global communication, we're all positioned to see flashes of genius wherever they appear. And the more we look, the more we will see that social factors(因素)like gender, race, and class do not determine the appearance of genius. As a writer says, future geniuses come from those with “intelligence, creativity, perseverance(毅力), and simple good fortune, who are able to change the world.”

12. What does the author think of victors' standards for joining the genius club?

A. They're unfair. B. They're conservative.

C. They're objective. D. They're strict.

13. What can we infer about girls from the study in Science?

A. They think themselves smart.

B. They look up to great thinkers.

C. They see gender differences earlier than boys.

D. They are likely to be influenced by social beliefs

14. Why are more geniuses known to the public?

A. Improved global communication.

B. Less discrimination against women.

C. Acceptance of victors' concepts.

D. Changes in people's social positions.

15. What is the best title for the text?

A. Geniuses Think Alike

B. Genius Takes Many Forms

C. Genius and Intelligence

D. Genius and Luck

【答案】

12. A 13. D 14. A 15. B

【解析】

这是一篇议论文。文章由问题“谁是天才？”引入，论述了世人对天才的狭隘定义，提出事实上“天才”有很多种形式，不要让思维限制了我们的“天才”能力。

12.推理判断题。根据第三段的“It is said that history is written by victors, and those victors set the standards for admission to the genius club. When contributions were made by geniuses outside the club-women, or people of a different color or belief-they were unacknowledged and rejected by others.( 据说历史是由胜利者书写的，而那些胜利者为进入天才俱乐部设定了标准。当俱乐部以外的天才——女性或不同肤色或信仰的人——做出贡献时，他们不会被承认并且被其他人拒绝)”可推知，作者认为那些“胜利者”对进入“天才俱乐部”设置的标准是不公平的，因为女性或者不同肤色或信仰的人做出的成就是得不到承认的。故选A。

13.推理判断题。根据第四段的“Even worse, the study found that girls act on that belief. Around age six they start to avoid activities said to be for children who are “really, really smart.”(更糟糕的是，研究发现女孩们是按照这个信念行事的。六岁左右，她们开始避免那些据说是“非常非常聪明”的孩子参加的活动)”可推知，女孩容易受到社会信仰的影响，认为自己在六岁左右就不适合做“聪明孩子”做的事情。故选D。

14.细节理解题。根据最后一段的“In a wired world with constant global communication, we’re all positioned to see flashes of genius wherever they appear.( 在一个全球通讯不断的有线世界里，我们随时随地都能看到天才的闪现)”可知，进步的全球通讯让更多的天才被公众所知道。故选A。

15.主旨大意题。根据文章的主要内容，结合文章第一段提出问题“Who is a genius?（谁是天才）”和最后一段的“As a writer says, future geniuses come from those with “intelligence, creativity, perseverance, and simple geniuses, who are able to change the world.”(正如一位作家所说，未来的天才来自那些具有“智慧、创造力、毅力和那些能够改变世界的简单天才。”)”可知，天才不一定是那些有巨大贡献的人，他们也可以是某一方面比较突出的普通人。由此可知B项“天才有多种形式”可以作为本文最佳标题。故选B。

(2021·全国乙卷·D)话题:开放性办公室与噪音　词数:363　难度:★★★★

During an interview for one of my books, my interviewer said something I still think about often. Annoyed by the level of distraction（干扰）in his open office, he said, “That’s why I have a membership at the coworking space across the street — so I can focus”. His comment struck me as strange. After all, coworking spaces also typically use an open office layout（布局）. But I recently came across a study that shows why his approach works.

The researchers examined various levels of noise on participants as they completed tests of creative thinking. They were randomly divided into four groups and exposed to various noise levels in the background, from total silence to 50 decibels（分贝）, 70 decibels, and 85 decibels. The differences between most of the groups were statistically insignificant; however, the participants in the 70 decibels group — those exposed to a level of noise similar to background chatter in a coffee shop — significantly outperformed the other groups. Since the effects were small, this may suggest that our creative thinking does not differ that much in response to total silence and 85 decibels of background noise.

But since the results at 70 decibels were significant, the study also suggests that the right level of background noise — not too loud and not total silence — may actually improve one’s creative thinking ability. The right level of background noise may interrupt our normal patterns of thinking just enough to allow our imaginations to wander, without making it impossible to focus. This kind of “distracted focus” appears to be the best state for working on creative tasks.

So why do so many of us hate our open offices? The problem may be that, in our offices, we can’t stop ourselves from getting drawn into others’ conversations while we’re trying to focus. Indeed, the researchers found that face-to-face interactions and conversations affect the creative process, and yet a coworking space or a coffee shop provides a certain level of noise while also providing freedom from interruptions.

32Why does the interviewer prefer a coworking space?

A. It helps him concentrate.

B. It blocks out background noise.

C. It has a pleasant atmosphere.

D. It encourages face-to-face interactions.

33. Which level of background noise may promote creative thinking ability?

A. Total silence. B. 50 decibels C. 70 decibels. D. 8 5 decibels.

34. What makes an open office unwelcome to many people?

A. Personal privacy unprotected.

B. Limited working space.

C. Restrictions on group discussion.

D. Constant interruptions.

35. What can we infer about the author from the text?

A. He’s a news reporter.

B. He’s an office manager.

C. He’s a professional designer.

D. He’s a published writer.

【答案】

32. A 33. C 34. D 35. D

【解析】

这是一篇说明文。作者通过自身经历讲述人们为什么不喜欢开放性办公室以及有关多少分贝的噪音最有利于人们的创造性思维的研究。

32.细节理解题。根据第一段“That’s why I have a membership at the coworking space across the street - so I can focus.（这就是为什么我在街对面的公用办公空间有会员资格——这样我就可以集中精力了。）”可知，采访者喜欢共享办公空间的原因是那里可以帮助他集中精力。故选A项。

33.细节理解题。根据第二段“The differences between most of the groups were statistically insignificant; however, the participants in the 70 decibels group - those exposed to a level of noise similar to background chatter in a coffee shop - significantly outperformed the other groups.（大多数组之间的差异在统计学上是不显著的；然而，音量为70分贝的那组参与者（置身于类似于咖啡店背景噪音的环境中）的表现明显好于其他组。）”和第三段“But since the results at 70 decibels were significant, the study also suggests that the right level of background noise - not too loud and not total silence - may actually improve one's creative thinking ability.（但由于70分贝的结果很显著，该研究还表明，适当的背景噪音——不要太大声，也不要完全安静——实际上可能会提高一个人的创造性思维能力。）”可知，70分贝的那组参与者表现好于其他组，所以70分贝的噪音背景环境更有可能促进创造性思维能力。故选C项。

34.细节理解题。根据最后一段“So why do so many of us hate our open offices? ……coffee shop provides a certain level of noise while also providing freedom from interruptions.（那么，为什么我们中有那么多人讨厌开放式办公室呢？问题可能是，在我们的办公室里，当我们试图集中注意力时，我们无法阻止自己卷入别人的谈话中。的确，研究人员发现，面对面的互动和对话会影响创作过程，然而，共同工作空间或咖啡馆在提供一定程度的噪音的同时，也提供不受干扰的自由。）”可知，开放式办公室不受人们欢迎的原因是让我们不断地卷入别人的谈话中，受到很多干扰。故选D 项。

35.推理判断题。根据第一段“During an interview for one of my books, my interviewer said something I still think about often.（在一次采访我的一本书时，我的采访者说了一些我至今还经常想起的话。）”可知，作者提到有人采访自己的书，所以可以推断，作者是一位作家。故选D项。

(2021·全国新高考Ⅰ卷·D)话题:情商　词数:299　难度:★★★

Popularization has in some cases changed the original meaning of emotional (情感的) intellingence. Many people now misunderstand emotional intelligence as almost everything desirable in a person's makeup that cannot be measured by an IQ test, such as character, motivation, confidence, mental stability, optimism and “people skills.” Research has shown that emotional skills may contribute to some of these qualities, but most of them move far beyond skill-based emotional intelligence.

We prefer to describe emotional intelligence as a specific set of skills that can be used for either good or bad purposes. The ability to accurately understand how others are feeling may be used by a doctor to find how best to help her patients, while a cheater might use it to control potential victims. Being emotionally intelligent does not necessarily make one a moral person.

Although popular beliefs regarding emotional intelligence run far ahead of what research can reasonably support, the overall effects of the publicity have been more beneficial than harmful. The most positive aspect of this popularization is a new and much needed emphasis (重视) on emotion by employers, educators and others interested in promoting social well-being. The popularization of emotional intelligence has helped both the public and researchers re-evaluate the functionality of emotions and how they serve people adaptively in everyday life.

Although the continuing popular appeal of emotional intelligence is desirable, we hope that such attention will excite a greater interest in the scientific and scholarly study of emotion. It is our hope that in coming decades, advances in science will offer new perspectives (视角) from which to study how people manage their lives. Emotional intelligence, with its focus on both head and heart, may serve to point us in the right direction.

32. What is a common misunderstanding of emotional intelligence?

A. It can be measured by an IQ test.

B. It helps to exercise a person’s mind.

C. It includes a set of emotional skills.

D. It refers to a person’s positive qualities.

33. Why does the author mention “doctor” and “cheater” in paragraph 2?

A. To explain a rule. B. To clarify a concept.

C. To present a fact. D. To make a prediction.

34. What is the author’s attitude to the popularization of emotional intelligence?

A. Favorable. B. Intolerant. C. Doubtful. D. Unclear.

35. What does the last paragraph mainly talk about concerning emotional intelligence?

A. Its appeal to the public.

B. Expectations for future studies.

C. Its practical application.

D. Scientists with new perspectives.

【答案】

32. D 33. B 34. A 35. B

【解析】

本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了情商的定义以及对有关于情商未来研究的期望。

32.细节理解题。通过文章第一段“Research has shown that emotional skills may contribute to some of these qualities (研究表明，情商技巧可能有助于这些品质的形成)”可知，情商指的并不是一个人的积极品质。故选D项。

33.推理判断题。通过文章第二段“The ability to accurately understand how others are feeling may be used by a doctor to find how best to help her patients, while a cheater might use it to control potential victims. (医生可能利用这种准确理解他人感受的能力来找到最好的帮助病人的方法，而骗子可能利用这种能力来控制潜在的受害者)”可推知，作者在文章第二段中提到“医生”和“骗子”是举例子来阐明下文的观点——情商高并不一定能使一个人成为有道德的人。故选B项。

34.推理判断题。通过文章第三段“the overall effects of the publicity have been more beneficial than harmful. …The popularization of emotional intelligence has helped both the public and researchers (宣传的总体效果一直是利大于弊。这种普及最积极的方面是雇主、教育者和其他对促进社会福利感兴趣的人对情感进行了新的、迫切需要的强调。情商的普及帮助了公众和研究人员)”可推知，作者认为情商普及是对人们有利的。故选A项。

35.推理判断题。通过文章最后一段“we hope that such attention will excite a greater interest in the scientific and scholarly study of emotion. It is our hope that in coming decades, advances in science will offer new perspectives from which to study how people manage their lives. (我们希望这种将激发人们对情感科学和学术研究的更大兴趣。我们希望在未来的几十年里，科学的进步将为研究人们如何管理自己的生活提供新的视角)”可推知，本段主要谈了对未来关于情商研究的期望。故选B项。

(2021·浙江高考卷·C)话题:情商　词数:334　难度:★★★★

If you ever get the impression that your dog can "tell" whether you look content or annoyed, you may be onto something. Dogs may indeed be able to distinguish between happy and angry human faces, according to a new study

Researchers trained a group of 11 dogs to distinguish between images(图像)of the same person making either a happy or an angry face. During the training stage, each dog was shown only the upper half or the lower half of the person's face. The researchers then tested the dogs' ability to distinguish between human facial expressions by showing them the other half of the person's face on images totally different from the ones used in training. The researchers found that the dogs were able to pick the angry or happy face by touching a picture of it with their noses more often than one would expect by random chance.

The study showed the animals had figured out how to apply what they learned about human faces during training to new faces in the testing stage. "We can rule out that the dogs simply distinguish between the pictures based on a simple cue, such as the sight of teeth," said study author Corsin Muller. "Instead, our results suggest that the successful dogs realized that a smiling mouth means the same thing as smiling eyes, and the same rule applies to an angry mouth having the same meaning as angry eyes."

"With our study, we think we can now confidently conclude that at least some dogs can distinguish human facial expressions," Muller toldLive Science.

At this point, it is not clear why dogs seem to be equipped with the ability to recognize different facial expressions in humans. "To us, the most likely explanation appears to be that the basis lies in their living with humans, which gives them a lot of exposure to human facial expressions," and this exposure has provided them with many chances to learn to distinguish between them, Muller said.

8. The new study focused on whether dogs can_________.

9. What can we learn about the study from paragraph 2?

A. Researchers tested the dogs in random order.

B. Diverse methods were adopted during training.

C. Pictures used in the two stages were different

D. The dogs were photographed before the lest.

10. What is the last paragraph mainly about?

A. A suggestion for future studies. B. A possible reason for the study findings.

C. A major limitation of the study D. An explanation of the research method.

【答案】

8. B 9. C 10. B

【解析】

这是一篇说明文。一项研究证明狗能够识别人类面部表情，但目前还不清楚它们为什么有这种能力，可能的原因是它们长时间与人类共同生活。

8.细节理解题。根据第二段的“Researchers trained a group of 11 dogs to distinguish between images of the same person making either a happy or an angry face.(研究人员训练了11只狗来区分同一个人脸上的表情是高兴还是愤怒)”可知，该新研究的点是狗是否能够区分人的面部表情。故选B。

9.细节理解题。根据第二段的“During the training stage, each dog was shown only the upper half or the lower half of the person’s face. The researchers then tested the dogs’ ability to distinguish between human facial expressions by showing them the other half of the person’s face or images totally different from the ones used in training.(在训练阶段，每只狗只看到人脸的上半部分或下半部分。研究人员随后测试了狗辨别人类面部表情的能力，向狗展示了人的另一半面部或与训练中使用的完全不同的图像)”可知，在训练和测试阶段，狗看的照片是不一样的。故选C。

10.主旨大意题。根据最后一段的““To us, the most likely explanation appears to be that the basis lies in their living with humans, which gives them a lot of exposure to human facial expressions, and this exposure has provided them with many chances to learn to distinguish between them” Muller said.(Muller说：“对我们来说，最可能的解释似乎是，基于他们与人类生活在一起，这让他们有很多机会接触人类的面部表情，而这种接触为他们提供了很多机会，让他们学会区分他们。”)”可知，最后一段主要讲述了狗能够辨别人类面部表情的可能原因。故选B。

(2020·全国Ⅰ卷·D)话题:发光植物可用来照明　词数:324　难度:★★★★

D

The connection between people and plants has long been the subject of scientific research.Recent studies have found positive effects.A study conducted in Youngstown,Ohio,for example, discovered that greener areas of the city experienced less crime.In another, employees were shown to be 15% more productive when their workplaces were decorated with houseplants.

The engineers at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology(MIT)have taken it a step further—changing the actual composition of plants in order to get them to perform diverse, even unusual functions.These include plants that have sensors printed onto their leaves to show when they’re short of water and a plant that can detect harmful chemicals in groundwater.“We’re thinking about how we can engineer plants to replace functions of the things that we use every day,”explained Michael Strano, a professor of chemical engineering at MIT.

One of his latest projects has been to make plants glow(发光)in experiments using some common vegetables.Strano’s team found that they could create a faint light for three-and-a-half hours.The light, about one-thousandth of the amount needed to read by, is just a start.The technology, Strano said, could one day be used to light the rooms or even to turn trees into self-powered street lamps.

In the future, the team hopes to develop a version of the technology that can be sprayed onto plant leaves in a one-off treatment that would last the plant’s lifetime.The engineers are also trying to develop an on and off “switch”where the glow would fade when exposed to daylight.

Lighting accounts for about 7% of the total electricity consumed in the US.Since lighting is often far removed from the power source(电源)—such as the distance from a power plant to street lamps on a remote highway — a lot of energy is lost during transmission(传输).Glowing plants could reduce this distance and therefore help save energy.

32.What is the first paragraph mainly about?

A.A new study of different plants.

B.A big fall in crime rates.

C.Employees from various workplaces.

D.Benefits from green plants.

33.What is the function of the sensors printed on plant leaves by MIT engineers?

A.To detect plants’lack of water.

B.To change compositions of plants.

C.To make the life of plants longer.

D.To test chemicals in plants.

34.What can we expect of the glowing plants in the future?

A.They will speed up energy production.

B.They may transmit electricity to the home.

C.They might help reduce energy consumption.

D.They could take the place of power plants.

35.Which of the following can be the best title for the text?

A.Can we grow more glowing plants?

B.How do we live with glowing plants?

C.Could glowing plants replace lamps?

D.How are glowing plants made pollution-free?

【答案解析】

本文是一篇新闻报道。文章介绍了科学家运用高科技改造绿色植物从而达到节能减排的科学探索。

32.选D。段落大意题。根据第一段最后两句“例如,在俄亥俄州扬斯敦进行的一项研究发现,城市绿化较好的地区犯罪率较低。在另一项研究中发现,员工的工作场所被室内植物装饰后,他们的工作效率会提高15%。”可知,本段主要介绍绿色植物的益处。故选D。

33.选A。细节理解题。根据第二段第二句“其中包括在叶子上印上传感器以显示植物的缺水情况,还可以检测地下水中的有害化学物质。”可知选A。

34.选C。推理判断题。根据最后一段最后一句“发光的植物可以缩短这个距离,从而帮助节约能源。”可知这种发光的植物在将来可能会有助于节约能源。

35.选C。标题归纳题。文章主要介绍了麻省理工学院的科研团队的一项研究:利用特殊的装置让植物发光来照亮房间或把树变成会发光的路灯,以此来节约和利用能源。故“发光的植物能代替灯吗?”为最佳标题。

(2020?浙江高考?C)话题:有挑战性的脑力劳动使大脑敏锐词数:311W　难度:★★★★

28.Why did the scientists ask the volunteers to take the tests?

A.To assess their health status.

B.To evaluate their work habits.

C.To analyze their personality.

D.To measure their mental ability.

29.How does Francisca Then explain her findings in Paragraph 4?

A.By using an expert’s words.

B.By making a comparison.

C.By referring to another study.

D.By introducing a concept.

30.Which of the following is the best title for the text?

A Retired Workers Can Pick Up New Skills

B.Old People Should Take Challenging Jobs

C.Your Tough Job Might Help Keep You Sharp

D.Cognitive Function May Decline As You Age

【答案解析】

一项研究发现,在脑力上不断挑战自己,可以使一个人变老时大脑反应仍然很敏锐。

28.选D。细节理解题。根据第二段的assessed the volunteers’ memory and thinking skills through a battery of tests可知,科学家让志愿者参加测试的目的是评估他们的记忆和思考能力。故选D。

29.选B。推理判断题。根据第四段Francisca Then说的话可知,她通过对比体力锻炼和脑力劳动来解释她的研究发现。故选B。

30.选C。主旨大意题。本文主要告诉我们在脑力上不断挑战自己,可以使一个人变老时大脑反应仍然很敏锐。故选C。

(2020·江苏高考·C)话题:晨练之前是否用餐 词数:405　难度:★★★★

For those who can stomach it,working out before breakfast may be more beneficial for health than eating first,according to a study of meal timing and physical activity.

Athletes and scientists have long known that meal timing affects performance.However,far less has been known about how meal timing and exercise might affect general health.

To find out,British scientists conducted a study.They first found 10 overweight and inactive but otherwise healthy young men,whose lifestyles are,for better and worse,representative of those of most of us.They tested the men’s fitness and resting metabolic (新陈代谢的) rates and took samples (样品) of their blood and fat tissue.

Then,on two separate morning visits to the scientists’lab,each man walked for an hour at an average speed that,in theory,should allow his body to rely mainly on fat for fuel.Before one of these workouts,the men skipped breakfast,meaning that they exercised on a completely empty stomach after a long overnight fast (禁食).On the other occasion,they ate a rich morning meal about two hours before they started walking.

Just before and an hour after each workout,the scientists took additional samples of the men???s blood and fat tissue.

Then they compared the samples.There were considerable differences.Most obviously,the men displayed lower blood sugar levels at the start of their workouts when they had skipped breakfast than when they had eaten.As a result,they burned more fat during walks on an empty stomach than when they had eaten first.On the other hand,they burned slightly more calories (卡路里),on average,during the workout after breakfast than after fasting.

But it was the effects deep within the fat cells that may have been the most significant,the researchers found.Multiple genes behaved differently,depending on whether someone had eaten or not before walking.Many of these genes produce proteins (蛋白质) that can improve blood sugar regulation and insulin (胰岛素) levels throughout the body and so are associated with improved metabolic health.These genes were much more active when the men had fasted before exercise than when they had breakfasted.

The implication of these results is that to gain the greatest health benefits from exercise,it may be wise to skip eating first.

61.The underlined expression “stomach it” in Paragraph 1 most probably means “ __________”.

A.digest the meal easily

B.manage without breakfast

C.decide wisely what to eat

D.eat whatever is offered

62.Why were the 10 people chosen for the experiment?

A.Their lifestyles were typical of ordinary people.

B.Their lack of exercise led to overweight.

C.They could walk at an average speed.

D.They had slow metabolic rates.

63.What happened to those who ate breakfast before exercise?

A.They successfully lost weight.

B.They consumed a bit more calories.

C.They burned more fat on average.

D.They displayed higher insulin levels.

64.What could be learned from the research?

A.A workout after breakfast improves gene performances.

B.Too much workout often slows metabolic rates.

C.Lifestyle is not as important as morning exercise.

D.Physical exercise before breakfast is better for health.

【答案解析】

本文是一篇说明文。研究表明不吃早餐锻炼可能对健康更有益。

61.选B。词义猜测题。根据后句working out before breakfast may be more beneficial for health than eating first可知,早餐前锻炼可能比先吃饭再锻炼对健康更有益,因此推断这里说的是那些不吃早饭先锻炼的人。B项”不吃早饭”与之意思相近。故选B。

62.选A。细节理解题。根据题干中10 people,定位答案在第三段。根据第三段中They first found 10 overweight and inactive but otherwise healthy young men ,whose lifestyles are ,for better and worse,representative of those of most of us可知他们首先挑选了10个超重不太爱运动,但是健康的年轻人,他们的生活方式,不管好坏,代表着我们大部分人。故选A。

63.选B。细节理解题。根据第六段最后一句On the other hand,they burned slightly more calories,on average,during the workout after breakfast than after fasting可知另一方面,平均来说,吃完早餐后锻炼消耗的热量要比禁食后稍微多一点。故选B。

64.选D。推理判断题。根据最后一段The implication of these results is that to gain the greatest health benefits from exercise,it may be wise to skip eating first可知这些结果暗示了:为了从锻炼中获益最大,最好先不吃饭。故选D。

(2020· 天津高考·C)话题:声音技术领域的发明 词数:389 　难度:★★★

C

For people who are interested in sound, the field of sound technology is definitely making noise.In the past, sound engineers worked in the back rooms of recording studios, but many of today’s sound professionals are sharing their knowledge and experience with professionals in other fields to create new products based on the phenomenon we call sound.

Sound can be used as a weapon.Imagine that a police officer is chasing a thief.The thief tries to escape.And the officer can’t let him get away.He pulls out a special device, points it at the suspect, and switches it on.The thief drops to the ground.This new weapon is called a Long Range Acoustic Device(LRAD, 远程定向声波发射器).It produces a deafening sound so painful that it temporarily disables a person.The noise from the LRAD is directed like a ray of light and travels only into the ears of that person, but it is not deadly.

For those who hunger for some peace and quiet, sound can now create silence.Let’s say you are at the airport, and the little boy on the seat next to you is humming(哼唱)a short commercial song.He hums it over and over again, and you are about to go crazy.Thanks to the Silence Machine, a British invention, you can get rid of the sound without upsetting the boy or his parents.One may wonder how the Silence Machine works.Well, it functions by analyzing the waves of the incoming sound and creating a second set of outgoing waves.The two sets of waves cancel each other out.Simply turn the machine on point it at the target, and your peace and quiet comes back.

Directed sound is a new technology that allows companies to use sound in much the same way spotlights(聚光灯)are used in the theater.A spotlight lights up only one section of a stage; similarly, a “spotsound” creates a circle of sound in one targeted area.This can be useful for businesses such as restaurants and stores because it offers a new way to attract customers.Restaurants can offer a choice of music along with the various food choices on the menu, allowing customers more control over the atmosphere in which they are dining.Directed sound is also beginning to appear in shopping centers and even at homes.

46.What could be inferred from Paragraph 2 about the effect of the LRAD?

A.It causes temporary hearing loss.

B.It slows down a running man.

C.It makes it easy to identify a suspect.

D.It keeps the suspect from hurting others.

47.The Silence Machine is a device specially designed to ___________ .

A.silence the people around you

B.remove the sound of commercials

C.block the incoming sound waves

D.stop unwanted sound from affecting you

48.What feature do spotsounds and spotlights share?

A.They travel in circles.

B.They clear the atmosphere.

C.They can be transformed into energy.

D.They can be directed onto a specific area.

49.Directed sound can be used for_________.

A.creative designs of restaurant menus

B.ideal sound effects on the theater stage

C.different choices of music for businesses

D.strict control over any suspicious customer

50.What does the passage focus on?

A.How professionals invented sound products.

B.Inventions in the field of sound technology.

C.The growing interest in the study of sound.

D.How sound engineers work in their studios.

【答案解析】

本文为说明文,首段通过今昔对比引出本文主要说明的内容——声音技术所创造出来的新产品。后文围绕这一中心内容,分三段说明了声音作为武器、声音技术可以为人们创造安静的环境以及声音可以作为类似聚光灯的设备被人们所应用这三个方面。文章为总分结构,逻辑清晰明确。

46.选A。推理判断题。由题干定位第二段,本题询问从第二段中我们可以推断出LRAD的作用是什么。根据the effect of the LRAD关键词,回归文本,可知答案出自:“It produces a deafening sound so painful that it temporarily disables a person.”说明这个武器能产生一种致聋的声音让人感觉太痛苦以至于使人暂时性的残疾。故选择A项“它能造成暂时性的耳聋”。

47.选 D。细节理解题。由题干中的The Silence Machine定位第三段,本题询问The Silence Machine是专门为什么而设计的。根据第三段举出的机场座位旁边小男孩不断哼唱歌曲的例子以及“go crazy”等状态的形容词,再加上“Thanks to the Silence Machine,a British invention,you can get rid of the sound without upsetting the boy or his parents.”我们可以判断The Silence Machine 是为了屏蔽一些不喜欢的或者不想听的声音。故选择D项“阻止不想听的声音来影响你”。

48.选D。推理判断题。本题询问spotsounds和spotlights有什么共同特质。由题干中的spotsounds和spotlights定位最后一段,“A spotlight lights up only one section of a stage; similarly,a “spotsound” creates a circle of sound in one targeted area.”说明聚声器和聚光灯相似,可以将声音聚集在一个特定的区域。故选择D项,“它们都可以被聚集到某一个特定的区域”。

49.选C。细节理解题。本题询问Directed sound可以被用来做什么。由题干Directed sound定位最后一段, “Restaurants can offer a choice of music along with the various food choices on the menu, allowing customers more control over the atmosphere in which they are dining.”说明餐厅可以利用Directed sound为顾客提供多种多样的音乐类型。故选择C项“为商业场合提供不同的音乐选择”。

50.选 B。主旨大意题。本题询问文章中心内容。根据本文首段最后一句中的“create new products”和后面三段分别阐述的三种声音技术的新产品的内容,可知选B项“声音技术领域的发明”。

(2019·全国卷Ⅰ·C)话题:新科技　词数:255　难度:★★★

As data and identity theft becomes more and more common,the market is growing for biometric(生物测量)technologies—like fingerprint scans—to keep others out of private e-spaces.At present,these technologies are still expensive,though.

Researchers from Georgia Tech say that they have come up with a low-cost device(装置)that gets around this problem: a smart keyboard.This smart keyboard precisely measures the cadence(节奏)with which one types and the pressure fingers apply to each key.The keyboard could offer a strong layer of security by analyzing things like the force of a user’s typing and the time between key presses.These patterns are unique to each person.Thus,the keyboard can determine people’s identities,and by extension,whether they should be given access to the computer it’s connected to—regardless of whether someone gets the password right.

It also doesn’t require a new type of technology that people aren’t already familiar with.Everybody uses a keyboard and everybody types differently.

In a study describing the technology,the researchers had 100 volunteers type the word “touch”four times using the smart keyboard.Data collected from the device could be used to recognize different participants based on how they typed,with very low error rates.The researchers say that the keyboard should be pretty straightforward to commercialize and is mostly made of inexpensive,plastic-like parts.The team hopes to make it to market in the near future.

28.Why do the researchers develop the smart keyboard?

A.To reduce pressure on keys.

B.To improve accuracy in typing.

C.To replace the password system.

D.To cut the cost of e-space protection.

29.What makes the invention of the smart keyboard possible?

A.Computers are much easier to operate.

B.Fingerprint scanning techniques develop fast.

C.Typing patterns vary from person to person.

D.Data security measures are guaranteed.

30.What do the researchers expect of the smart keyboard?

A.It’ll be environment-friendly.

B.It’ll reach consumers soon.

C.It’ll be made of plastics.

D.It’ll help speed up typing.

31.Where is this text most likely from?

A.A diary.B.A guidebook

C.A novel.D.A magazine.

【答案解析】

这是一篇说明文。本文介绍了一种新的科技——智能键盘,它能给e-space用户带来安全,而且这项技术也不贵。

28.选D。细节理解题。根据第一段的At present,these technologies are still expensive,though.和第二段的Researchers from Georgia Tech say that they have come up with a low-cost device that gets around this problem: a smart keyboard.可知,研究者们开发智能键盘是为了降低e-space保护的成本。故选D。

29.选C。细节理解题。根据第二段的The keyboard could offer...the keyboard can determine people’s identities可知,由于每个人的打字方式不同,使得智能键盘能够识别人的身份。故选C。

30.选B。细节理解题。根据最后一段的The team hopes to make it to market in the near future.可知,研究者们希望智能键盘能早日面世。故选B。

31.选D。文章出处题。本文介绍了一种新的科技——智能键盘,它能给e-space用户带来安全,由此可知,本文是一篇关于科技的文章,结合所给选项可知,本文可能来自一本杂志。故选D。

(2019·全国卷Ⅱ·D)话题:检验学业的前沿阵地　词数:283难度:★★★★

Bacteria are an annoying problem for astronauts.The microorganisms(微生物) from our bodies grow uncontrollably on surfaces of the International Space Station,so astronauts spend hours cleaning them up each week.How is NASA overcoming this very tiny big problem? It’s turning to a bunch of high school kids.But not just any kids.It is depending on NASA HUNCH high school classrooms,like the one science teachers Gene Gordon and Donna Himmelberg lead at Fairport High School in Fairport,New York.

HUNCH is designed to connect high school classrooms with NASA engineers.For the past two years,Gordon’s students have been studying ways to kill bacteria in zero gravity,and they think they’re close to a solution(解决方案).“We don’t give the students any breaks.They have to do it just like NASA engineers,” says Florence Gold,a project manager.

“There are no tests,” Gordon says.“There is no graded homework.There almost are no grades,other than‘Are you working towards your goal?’ Basically,it’s ‘I’ve got to produce this product and then,at the end of the year,present it to NASA.’ Engineers come and really do an in-person review,and...it’s not a very nice thing at times.It’s a hard business review of your product.”

Gordon says the HUNCH program has an impact(影响) on college admissions and practical life skills.“These kids are so absorbed in their studies that I just sit back.I don’t teach.” And that annoying bacteria? Gordon says his students are emailing daily with NASA engineers about the problem,readying a workable solution to test in space.

32.What do we know about the bacteria in the International Space Station?

A.They are hard to get rid of.

B.They lead to air pollution.

C.They appear in different forms.

D.They damage the instruments.

33.What is the purpose of the HUNCH program?

A.To strengthen teacher-student relationships.

B.To sharpen students’ communication skills.

C.To allow students to experience zero gravity.

D.To link space technology with school education.

34.What do the NASA engineers do for the students in the program?

A.Check their product.

B.Guide project designs.

C.Adjust work schedules.

D.Grade their homework.

35.What is the best title for the text?

A.NASA: The Home of Astronauts

B.Space: The Final Homework Frontier

C.Nature: An Outdoor Classroom

D.HUNCH:A College Admission Reform

【答案解析】

困扰着美国航天员的细菌问题会如何解决?这一问题求助于一群学生。Gordon领导的学生们一直忙于解决零重力下细菌的问题,他们没有别的作业,一直忙于他们的目标,帮助航天员解决细菌的问题。他们每天都通过HUNCH项目和航天员联系,准备在太空检测可行的解决方法。

32.选A。推理判断题。根据第一段的第二句...grow uncontrollably...,so astronauts spend hours cleaning them up each week.可推知细菌在太空很难除去。

33.选D。推理判断题。根据第二段特别是第一句话可推知中学的课堂和美国国家航空和航天局的工程师通过HUNCH项目联合,再结合第四段的第一句话可知其目的是实现学校教育和太空科技的接轨,让学生更好地去进行研究。故选D项。

34.选A。细节理解题。根据第三段中的I’ve got to produce this product and then,at the end of the year,present it to NASA.和最后一段的最后一句Gordon says his students are emailing daily with NASA engineers about the problem,readying a workable solution to test in space.可知学生会把研究结果让工程师在太空检测,以验证他们的方法是否可行。故选A项。

35.选B。主旨大意题。HUNCH项目将中学研究项目和美国国家航空和航天局的问题联系在一起,学生研究解决方法并在太空得以验证。故可称之为太空是检验学生研究项目的前沿阵地。故选B项。

(2019·全国卷Ⅲ·D)话题:科普知识　词数:329　难度:★★★★

Monkeys seem to have a way with numbers.

A team of researchers trained three Rhesus monkeys to associate 26 clearly different symbols consisting of numbers and selective letters with 0-25 drops of water or juice as a reward.The researchers then tested how the monkeys combined—or added—the symbols to get the reward.

Here’s how Harvard Medical School scientist Margaret Livingstone,who led the team,described the experiment: In their cages the monkeys were provided with touch screens.On one part of the screen,a symbol would appear,and on the other side two symbols inside a circle were shown.For example,the number 7 would flash on one side of the screen and the other end would have 9 and 8.If the monkeys touched the left side of the screen they would be rewarded with seven drops of water or juice; if they went for the circle,they would be rewarded with the sum of the numbers—17 in this example.

After running hundreds of tests,the researchers noted that the monkeys would go for the higher values more than half the time,indicating that they were performing a calculation,not just memorizing the value of each combination.

When the team examined the results of the experiment more closely,they noticed that the monkeys tended to underestimate(低估)a sum compared with a single symbol when the two were close in value—sometimes choosing,for example,a 13 over the sum of 8 and 6.The underestimation was systematic: When adding two numbers,the monkeys always paid attention to the larger of the two,and then added only a fraction(小部分)of the smaller number to it.

“This indicates that there is a certain way quantity is represented in their brains,”Dr.Livingstone says.“But in this experiment what they’re doing is paying more attention to the big number than the little one.”

32.What did the researchers do to the monkeys before testing them?

A.They fed them. B.They named them.

C.They trained them. D.They measured them.

33.How did the monkeys get their reward in the experiment?

A.By drawing a circle.

B.By touching a screen.

C.By watching videos.

D.By mixing two drinks.

34.What did Livingstone’s team find about the monkeys?

A.They could perform basic addition.

B.They could understand simple words.

C.They could memorize numbers easily.

D.They could hold their attention for long.

35.In which section of a newspaper may this text appear?

A.Entertainment. B.Health.

C.Education.D.Science.

【答案解析】

本文为说明文。文章介绍了哈佛医学院Margaret Livingstone所主持的对经过训练的猴子进行的实验。实验表明猴子具有一点儿数字计算能力,而不是单纯靠记忆力来做出选择。

32.选C。细节理解题。根据第二段第一句A team of researchers trained three Rhesus monkeys to associate 26 clearly different symbols consisting of numbers and selective letters...可知,一组研究人员训练了三只恒河猴将26个明显不同的符号联系起来,这些符号由数字和选择性字母组成。故选C。

33.选B。细节理解题。根据第三段句子In their cages the monkeys were provided with touch screens.可知,科学家在猴子的笼子里放进触摸屏。猴子通过触摸屏幕的不同部位得到不同的奖赏。故选B。

34.选A。细节理解题。根据第四段句子After running hundreds of tests,the researchers noted that the monkeys would go for the higher values more than half the time,indicating that they were performing a calculation.可知,在进行了数百次测试之后,研究人员注意到,猴子们超过一半的次数会选择更高的值,这表明它们正在进行一次计算。故选A。

35.选D。推理判断题。文章介绍了科学家的实验,所以此报道应该属于报纸的科学栏目,所以选D。

(2019·江苏高考·C)话题:信息技术的过分迷恋的影响　　 词数:422　　 难度:★★★★☆

Who cares if people think wrongly that the Internet has had more important influences than the washing machine? Why does it matter that people are more impressed by the most recent changes?

It would not matter if these misjudgments were just a matter of people’s opinions.However, they have real impacts, as they result in misguided use of scarce resources.

The fascination with the ICT(Information and Communication Technology) revolution, represented by the Internet, has made some rich countries wrongly conclude that making things is so “yesterday” that they should try to live on ideas.This belief in “post-industrial society” has led those countries to neglect their manufacturing sector(制造业) with negative consequences for their economies.

Even more worryingly, the fascination with the Internet by people in rich countries has moved the international community to worry about the “digital divide” between the rich countries and the poor countries.This has led companies and individuals to donate money to developing countries to buy computer equipment and Internet facilities.The question, however, is whether this is what the developing countries need the most.Perhaps giving money for those less fashionable things such as digging wells, extending electricity networks and making more affordable washing machines would have improved people’s lives more than giving every child a laptop computer or setting up Internet centres in rural villages, I am not saying that those things are necessarily more important, but many donators have rushed into fancy programmes without carefully assessing the relative long-term costs and benefits of alternative uses of their money.

In yet another example, a fascination with the new has led people to believe that the recent changes in the technologies of communications and transportation are so revolutionary that now we live in a “borderless world”.As a result, in the last twenty years or so, many people have come to believe that whatever change is happening today is the result of great technological progress, going against which will be like trying to turn the clock back.Believing in such a world, many governments have put an end to some of the very necessary regulations on cross-border flows of capital, labour and goods, with poor results.

Understanding technological trends is very important for correctly designing economic policies, both at the national and the international levels, and for making the right career choices at the individual level.However, our fascination with the latest, and our under-valuation of what has already become common, can, and has, led us in all sorts of wrong directions.

61.Misjudgments on the influences of new technology can lead to___________ .

A.a lack of confidence in technology

B.a slow progress in technology

C.a conflict of public opinions

D.a waste of limited resources

62.The example in Paragraph 4 suggests that donators should _________.

A.take people’s essential needs into account

B.make their programmes attractive to people

C.ensure that each child gets financial support

D.provide more affordable internet facilities

63.What has led many governments to remove necessary regulations?

A.Neglecting the impacts of technological advances.

B.Believing that the world has become borderless.

C.Ignoring the power of economic development.

D.Over-emphasizing the role of international communication.

64.What can we learn from the passage?

A.People should be encouraged to make more donations.

B.Traditional technology still has a place nowadays.

C.Making right career choices is crucial to personal success.

D.Economic policies should follow technological trends.

【答案解析】

本文属于议论文,讲述对信息技术的过分迷恋对国家、对个人、对慈善事业都会有不利的影响。

61.选D。细节理解题。根据第二段However, they have real impacts, as they result in misguided use of scarce resources.可知,对信息技术的错误判断会导致有限资源的错误使用,也就是资源的浪费,故选D。

62.选A。推理判断题。根据第四段第四句可知,与其给那些贫困地区孩子笔记本电脑或者建网络中心,还不如给钱打井,铺电网或者生产他们买得起的洗衣机,这些东西更能改善他们的生活。作者不是说这些东西一定更重要,但是很多捐赠者没有仔细考虑捐赠的东西的长期成本,因此作者建议捐赠者要考虑接受捐赠的人的实际情况,而不是一味地追求信息化,故选A。

63.选B。推理判断题。根据第五段可知,对新东西的迷恋让人们认为如今通讯技术和交通的变革让我们生活在一个无国界的世界。正是认为我们生活在这样一个世界,很多政府取消了关于跨国界的资本、劳动力以及商品流动的法律法规,故选B。

64.选B。推理判断题。根据第三段可知,对互联网呈现的通讯技术变革的迷恋让很多富裕国家做出一个错误的结论,制造产品已经过时了,他们应该靠创意生活,因而忽略了制造业,从而对经济造成不利影响,故可知,传统的技术依然有它的地位,不能被新兴的信息技术取代,故选B。

(2019?北京卷? C)话题:自动语音电话 词数:428 W 难度:★★★★

38.How does the author feel about the solutions to the problem of robocalls?

A.Panicked.　　　 B.Confused.

C.Embarrassed.D.Disappointed.

39.Taking advantage of the new technologies,scammers can_________.

A.aim at victims precisely

B.damage databases easily

C.start campaigns rapidly

D.spread information widely

40.What does the passage imply?

A.Honesty is the best policy.

B.Technologies can be double-edged.

C.There are more solutions than problems.

D.Credibility holds the key to development.

41.Which of the following would be the best title for the passage?

A.Where the Problem of Robocalls Is Rooted

B.Who Is to Blame for the Problem of Robocalls

C.Why Robocalls Are About to Get More Dangerous

D.How Robocalls Are Affecting the World of Technology

【答案解析】

本文是一篇科普文。随着声音处理技术和自动化技术的发展,自动语音电话的逼真程度越来越高,我们越来越难辨别真假,这一问题导致可信度难以建立,但是失去却很容易。

38.选D。推理判断题。根据第一段中“Unfortunately,it’s too little,too late.”可知,作者很失望,故选D。

39.选A。细节理解题。根据第三段中Armed with this knowledge,they???re able to carry out individually targeted campaigns to cheat people.可知他们可以精确地开展诈骗。故选A。

40.选B。推理判断题。本文主要讲了随着声音处理技术和自动化技术的发展,自动语音电话更加逼真,难辨真伪;当然新技术更多的是带给我们便利和好处,所以事情要辩证地看待,故选B。

41.选C。主旨大意题。本文主要分析了自动语音电话会越来越难辨别的原因,而且这一问题很难解决,故选C。

(2019?天津3月卷? C)话题:影响寿命的标志　　 词数:451　　难度:★★★

46.Biological age depends on_________ .

A.whether we can adapt ourselves to the environment

B.how well our body works compared with our peers’

C.when we start to take outdoor exercise

D.what the calendar says about our age

47.By saying “we may have even fewer candles on our birthday cake than the previous one” in Para.2,the author means ____________.

A.we don’t have to celebrate our birthday every year

B.we are chronologically older than last year

C.we might be less happy than the previous year

D.we may be biologically younger than the year before

48.According to Prof.Levine,what is the most exciting thing about her research?

A.The measures are not fixed.

B.Health services can be set up.

C.The problems are not that serious.

D.The research results are written in stone.

49.What does the author want to tell us by Levine’s example in Para.5?

A.It is necessary to change our diet regularly.

B.The test results may give us wrong information.

C.Waking up early in the morning is good for our fitness.

D.The algorithm can reveal our potential health problems.

50.The ultimate goal of Levine’s research is to .

A.free people from chronic diseases

B.work out a solution to genetic problems

C.keep people socially active even in old age

D.provide people with access to scientific theory

【答案解析】

本文为说明文,讲的是关于生理年龄的研究。科学家们通过研究确定了最影响寿命的9个生物标志,并希望人们能够根据结果发现潜在的危险,采取措施变得更健康。

46.选B。细节理解题。根据第一段中的“a biological age,basically the age at which your body functions as it compares to average fitness or health levels.”可知生物学上的年龄指你的身体机能与平均健康水平相比的年龄,故选B。

47.选D。句意猜测题。根据第二段最后两句话可知,生理年龄指的是我们应该吹灭的蜡烛的数目,将来随着我们控制生理年龄的能力的进步,或许我们可以越来越年轻,与D项一致,故选D。

48.选A。细节理解题。根据第四段第三句话可知, Prof.Levine认为最令人激动的是这些情况都不是固定不变的,故选A。

49.选D。推理判断题。根据第五段最后一句话可知算式的结果表明 Levine并不像她自己以为的那么健康,暴露一些潜在的健康问题,故选D。

50.选C。细节理解题。根据最后一段倒数第二句话中的“people can still be engaged in society in their senior years”可知通过推迟心理和生理机能问题的发展,人们仍然可以在晚年参与社会,故选C。