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2023年高考全国乙卷使用地区：

陕西、甘肃、青海、宁夏、新疆、江西、内蒙古、河南

注：以下试题及答案仅供参考学习，第一时间及时更新，敬请~

2023年高考英语全国乙卷

第一部分听力（共两节，满分30分）

做题时，先将答案标在试卷上。录音内容结束后，你将有两分钟的时间将试卷上的答案转涂到答题卡上。

第一节（共5小题：每小题1.5分，满分7.5分）

每段对话仅读一遍。

1.Where does the conversation probably take place?

A. In the book store B. In the register office C. In the dorm building

2.Whatis the weather like now?

A.Sunny B. Cloudy C. Rainy

3.What does the man want to do on the weekend?

A.Do some gardening B. Have a barbecue C. Go fishing

4.What are the speakers talking about?

A.Anew office B. A change oftheirjobs C. A former colleague

5.What do we know about Andrew?

A.He’s optimistic B. He’s active C. He’s shy

第二节（共15小题：每小题1.5分，满分22.5）

每段对话读两遍。

听第6段材料，回答第6，7题。

6.Which of the following does the woman dislike?

A.The bedroom B. The sitting room C. The kitchen

7.What does the woman suggest they do next?

A.Goto another agency B. See some other flats C. Visit the neighbours

听第7段材料，回答第8，9题。

8.Whatisthemendoing?

A.Heismakingaphonecall. B. He’schairingameeting.

C.He’s hostingaprogram

9.WhatmakesMrs.JohnsonworriedaboutherdaughterinAfrica?

A.LackofmedicalsupportB.Inconvenienceofcommunication

B.Poortransportationsystem

听第8段材料，回答第10至12题。

10.What position does theman apply for?

A.a sales personB.anengineerC.anaccountant

11.Whichaspectofthecompanyappealstotheman?

A.ThecompanycultureB. The freeaccommodations

C. Thecompetitivepay

12.Whatisdifficultforthementodealwith?

A.InterpersonalrelationshipsB. Quality-quantitybalance

C.unplannedhappenings

听第9段材料，回答第13至16题。

13.How does Robert sound when speaking of his being a writer ?

A.HopefulB.GratefulC. Doubtful

14.What was Robert like before he was 9 years old?

A.he had wild imaginationB. He enjoyed sports

C.He loved science

15.What did Robert's father do?

A.AteacherB. AcoachC. Alibrarian

16.What helped Robert become a writer?

A.Writing dailyB.Listening to storiesC. Reading extensively

听第10段材料，回答第17至20题。

17.WherewasOpenTchaikovskycompetitionheldin1986?

A.InMoscowB. In chelyabinsk C. InBerlin

18.WhatdoesMaximsayaboutthecompetitionheattendedat10?

A.Itinspired manyyoungmusicians

B.Itwasthemusiceventofhisdreams

C.It was a life-changing experience

19.Which kind of music are the young players required to play?

A.Rock music B. Pop music C. Classical music

20.What does Maxim value most in young players’performance?

A.Expressiveness B. Smoothness C. Completeness

第二部分 阅读理解(共两节，满分40分)

第一节(共15小题；每小题2分，满分30分)

阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C和D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。

A

PRACTITIONERS

Jacqueline Felic de Almania(c. 1322 ) highlights the suspicion thatwomen practicing medicine faced. Born to a Jewish family in Florence,she moved to Paris where she worked as a physician and performed surgery. In 1322 she was tried for practicing unlawfully. In spite of the courthearing testimonials (证明) of her ability as a doctor, she was bannedfrom medicine.

Tan Yunxian(1461 - 1554) was a Chinese physician who learned herskills from her grandparents. Chinese women at the time could not serveapprenticeships (学徒期) with doctors. However, Tan passed the officialexam. Tan treated women from all walks of life.In 1511，Tan wrote abook,Sayings of a Female Doctor, describing her life as a physician.

James Barry(c. 1789 - 1865) was bornMargaret Bulkley in Irelandbut, dressed as a man, she was accepted by Edinburgh University to studymedicine.She qualified as a surgeon in 1813, then joined the British Amy,serving overseas. Barry retired in 1859, having practiced her entire medical profession living and working as a man.

Rebecca Lee Crumpler( 1831 - 1895) worked as a nurse for eightyears before studying in medical college in Boston in 1860. Four yearslater, she was the first African American woman to receive a medical degree. She moved to Virginia in 1865，where she provided medical care tofreed slaves.

21. What did Jacqueline and James have in common?

A. Doing teaching jobs.B. Being hired as physicians.

C. Performing surgery.D. Being banned from medicine.

22. How was Tan Yunxian different from the other pactitioners?

A. She wrote a book.B. She went through trials.

C. She worked as a dentist.D. She had formal education.

23. Who was the first African American with a medical degree?

A. Jacqueline Felice de Almania.B. Tan Yunxian.

C. James Barry.D. Rebcca Lee Crumpler.

B

Living in Iowa and trying to become a photographer specializing in landscape(风景) can be quite achallenge, mainly becausethe cornstate lacksgeogaphical variation.

Although landscapes in the Midwest tend to be quite similar，either farm fields or highways, sometimesI find distinctive character in the hills or lakes. To make some of my landscape shots, I have traveled upto four hours away to shoot within 10-minutetime frame, I tend to travel with a few of my friends to stateparks or to the countryside to go on adventures and take photos along the way.

Being at the right place at the right time is decisive in any style of photography. I often leave early toseek the right destinations so I can set up early to avoid missing the mommet I am attempting to photograph. I have missed plenty of beautiful sunsets/sunrises due to being on the spot only five minutes before thebest moment.

One time my friends and I drove three hours toDevil’s Lake, Wisconsin, to climb the purple quartz(石英) rock around the lake. After we found a crazy-looking road that hung over a bunch of rocks, wedecided to photograph the scene at sunset. The position enabled us to look over the lake with the sunsetin the background. We managed to leave this spot to climb higher because of the spare time until sunset.However, we did not mark the route(路线) so we ended up almost missing the sunset entirely. Once we found the place, it was stressful getting lights and cameras set up in the limited time. Still, looking backon the photos, they are some of my best shots though they could have been so much better if I would havebeen prepared and managed my time wisely.

24. How does the author deal with the challenge as a landscape photographer in the Midwest?

A. By teaming up with other photographers.

B. By shooting in the countryside or state parks.

C. By studying the geographical conditions.

D. By creating settings in the cornfields.

25. What is the key to successful landscape photography according to the author?

A. Proper time management. B. Good shooting techniques.

C. Adventurous spirit.D. Distinctive styles.

26. What can we infer from the author’s trip with friends to Devil’s Lake?

A. They went crazy with the purple quartz rock.

B. They felt stressed while waiting for the sunset.

C. They reached the shooting spot later than expected.

D. They had problems with their equipment.

27. How does the author find his photos taken at Devils Lake?

A. Amusing.B. Satisfying.C. Encouraging.D. Comforting.

C

What comes into your mind when you think of British food? Probably fish and chips, or a Sundaydinner of meat and two vegetables. But is British food really so uninteresting? Eventhough Britain has areputation for less-then-impressive cuisine, it is producing more top classchefs who appear frequently onour television screens and whose recipe books frequently topthe best seller lists.

It's thanks to these TV chefs rather than any advertising campaign that Britons are turning away frommeat-and-two-veg and ready-made meals and becoming more adventurous in their cooking habits. It is recently reported that the number of those sticking to a traditional diet is slowly declining and around half ofBritain's consumers would like to change or improve their cooking in some way. There has been a rise inthe number of students applying for food coursesat UK universities and colleges. It seems that TV programmes have helped change what peoplethink about cooking.

According to a new study from market analysts, 1 in 5 Britons say that watchingcookery programmeson TV has encouraged them to try different food. Almost one third say they now use a wider variety of ingredients(配料) than they used to, and just under 1 in 4 say they now buy better quality ingredients thanbefore. One in four adults say that TV chefs have made them much more confident about expanding their

cookery knowledge and skills, and youngpeople are also getting more interested in cooking. The UK's obsession(痴迷) with food is reflectedthrough television scheduling. Cookery shows and documentaries about food are broadcast more often than before. With an increasing number of male chefs on TV, it's nolonger " uncool" for boys to like cooking.

28. What do people usually think of British food?

A. It is simple and plain.B. It is rich in nutrition. .

C. It lacks authentictastes.D. It deserves a high reputation.

29. Which best describes cookery programmes on British TV?

A. Authoritative.B. Creative.C. Profitable.D. Influential.

30. Which is the percentage of the people using more diverse ingredients now?

A.20%.B. 24%.C. 25%.D. 33%.

31. What might the author continue talking about?

A. The art of cooking in other countries.B. Male chefs on TV programmes.

C. Table manners in the UK.D. Studies of big eaters.

D

If you want to tell the history of the whole world, a history that does not privilege one part or humanity, you cannot do it through texts alone, because only some of the world has ever had texts, while most of the world, for most of the time, has not. Writing is one of humanity's later achievements, and until fairly recently even many literate(有文字的) societies recorded their concerns not only in writing but in things.

Ideally a history would bring together texts and objects, and some chapters of this book are able to do just that, but in many cases we simplyCan't. The clearest example of this between literate and non-literate history is perhaps the first conflict, at Botany Bay between Captain Cook's voyageand the Australian Aboriginals. From the English side, we have scientific reports and the captain's record of that trrible day. From the Austalianside，we have only a wooden shield(盾) dropped by a man in flight after his first experience of gunshot. If we want to reconstruct what was actuallygoing on that day , the shield must be questioned and interpreted as deeply and strictly as the written reports.

In addition to the problem of miscomprehension from both sides , there are victories accidentally or deliberately twisted, especially when only thevictors know how to write. 'Those who are on the losing side often have only their things to tell their stories. The Caribbean Taino , the Australian Aboriginals, the African people of Benin and the Incas, all of whom appear in this book, can speak to us now of their past achievements most powerfullythrough the objects they made:a history told through things gives them back a voice. When we consider contact(联系) between literate and nonliterate societies such as these, all our first-hand accounts are necessarily twisted, only one half of a dialogue. If we are to find the other half of that

conversation, we have to read not just the texts, but the objects.

32. What is the first paragraph mainly about?

A. How past events should be presented.B. What humanity is concerned about.

C. Whether facts speak louder than words.D. Why written language is reliable.

33. What does the author indicate by mentioning Capain Cook in paragaph 2?

A. His report was scientific. B. He represented the local pople.

C. He ruledover Botany Bay.D. His record was one-sided.

34. What does the underlined word " conversation" in paragraph 3 refer to?

A. Problem.B. History.C. Voice.D. Society.

35. Which of the following books is the text most likely selected from?

A. How Maps Tell Stories of the WorldB. A Short History of Australia

C. A Historyof the World in 100 ObjectsD. How Art Works Tell Stories

第二节(共5小题；每小题2分，满分10分)

根据短文内容，从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。

Indoor plants might look as if they just sit around not doing much, but in many ways they are theunsung heroes of the home.36, but studies have shown that they can promote pople's wellbeing byimproving their mood(心情)，reducing stress and helping their memory. What's more, indoor plants areeasy to look after and are not very expensive.

What are indoor plants?

Indoor plants, also known as houseplants or pot plants, are plants that like to grow indoors. Manyofthese species(物种) are not ideally suited to growing outside in the UK, especially in the winter.37

Why are indoor plants good for you?

Will Spoelstra, who works at the Royal Botanic Gardens, says, "38. I find during the wintermonths, plants around the house can really lift your mood. "Several studies have backed this up andfound that indoor plants can improve creativity, focus and memory. There is also research showing thatpot plants can clean the air around them by removing harmful gases, such as carbon dioxide. They alsoremove some harmful chemicals from paints orcooking.39

Which plants can you grow?

Aloe vera, peace lilies and spider plants are some of the species that are easy to grow indoors. Youcan buy plants from supermarkets, garden centres or online. Younger plants areoftencheaper than fullygrown ones, and you get to care for them as they mature---which is part of the joy of owning plants.40. " Spoelstra says. "It can bring a new interest and focus into people's lives and help to make thelink between home and nature.

A. All plants are different

B. Not only do they look beautiful

C. There are many benefits to growing plants indoors

D. Instead , they grow better inside, where it is warmer

E. Plants like peace lilies and devil's ivy are among the best

F.Changing the pot of your plant from time to time will also help

G. Learming about the requirements of each plant can be very rewarding.

第三部分语言知识运用(共两节,满分45分)

第一节(共20小题;每小题1.5分,满分30分)

阅读下面短文,从短文后各题所给的A、B、C和D四个选项中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。

To become the Olympic champion in the individual(个人) all-around event,Gabby Douglas had toleave everything she41best. She had to42her bedroom in Virginia. She had to say43to her two dogs and to the beach, where she loved to44waves on her board. But it was45totake the leap(飞跃)，however46it would be. Even at 14，Douglas knew that. So she47about 1,200 miles away from home, to48with a coach from China. She lived with a family she hadnever49and everything was new to her.

As it turned out, Douglas did50what she needed to do to become Olympic champion whenshe51two Russians. The Chinese coach52Douglas into one of the best gymnasts in the53, helping her skyrocket from an54member of the national team to the top of the sport. By55the Olympic all-around title, she became the first black woman to do so. She56thecompetition from beginning to end. She said she had felt57all along that she would win.

Not so long ago, Martha Karolyi, the coordinator (联络人) of the women's national team, did notthink Douglas had what it58to be an Olympian. As time went by, she thought59that shecould make the London Games ------and win.

" I'm going to inspire so many people," she said. "I'm ready to60. " And shine she did.

41. A. triedB. thought C. judgeD. knew

42.A. take up B. pack upC. cleanup D. do up

43. A. goodbye B. helloC. thanksD.no

44. A. causeB. observeC. rideD. strike

45. A. common B. timeC. funD. tough

46. A. breathtakingB. heartbreakingC. eye-catchingD. head-spinning

47. A. dropped outB. moved onC. pulled overD. went off

48. A. reason B. talkC. competeD. train

49. A. metB. helpedC. understood D. needed

50. A. approximatelyB. graduallyC. exactlyD. possibly

51. A. defeatedB. pleasedC. respectedD. assisted

52. A. forced .B. transformedC. persuadedD. put

53. A. worldB. cityC. teamD. state

54. A. amateurB. electedC. averageD. enthusiastic

55. A. clarifyingB. defendingC. winningD. demanding

56. A. followedB. organizedC. watchedD. led

57. A. confidentB. nervousC. excitedD. uneasy

58. A. viewedB. appearedC. matteredD. took

59. A. now and thenB. more and moreC. far and wideD. on and on

60. A. shineB. flyC. danceD. score

第二节(共10小题;每小题1.5分,满分15分)

阅读下面短文,在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。

Bejing is a city bridging the ancient and the modern. From Buddhist temples tomuseums , narrowhutong61royal palaces, it is home to more than 3 ,000 years of glorious history, even down to its layout, with the city keeping its carefully62( build) system of ring roads.

But for all its ancient buildings, Beijing is also a place63welcomes the fast-paced developmentof modernlife, with 21^stcentury architectural64( wonder ) standing side by side with historicalbuildings of the past.

It is a distinct visual contrast(反差) that shouldn't work，65somehow these two very differentworlds make a good combination.66( visit) several times over the last l0years,I67( amaze )by the co-existence of old and new, and how a city was able to keep such a rich heritage (遗产) whileconstantly growing. As a photographer, I have spent the last two years68( record) everything I discovered.

The69( remark) development of this city, which is consciously designed to protectthe pastwhile stepping into the modernworld,70( mean) there is always something new to discover here,and Icould be photographing Beijing for the next 50 years.

第四部分写作(共两节,满分35分)

第一节短文改错(共10小题:每小题1分,满分10分)

假定英语课上老师要求同桌之间交换修改作文,请你修改你同桌写的以下作文。文中共有10处语言错误,每句中最多有两处。每处错误仅涉及一个单词的增加、删除或修改。

增加:在缺词处加一个漏字符号(),并在其下面写出该加的词。

删除:把多余的词用斜线( \)划掉。

修改:在错的词下划一横线,并在该词下面写出修改后的词。

注意:

1.每处错误及其修改均仅限- -词;

2.只允许修改10处,多者(从第11处起)不计分。

Last Friday my mom decided to colorhis hair. She studied with all the hair products at the drugstore. The color she choose came in a boxwhich had a picture of a woman that hair color looked just perfect. Mom was sure same color would lookgreat on her. She put the new color on her hair or sat still for 30 minutes, just as the directions saying. However，instead of the brownish red hair she had hoped for, she final got purple hair. She went right into the shower to washing it, but it was no use. At least one thing proved truth: the color wouldn’t washout.

第二节书面表达(满分25分)

学校英文报组织同学们分享自己在假期中学到的新技能,请你以此为主题写一篇短文投稿。内容包括:

1.简要描述;2.体验和感受。

注意:1.词数100左右;2.题目己为你写好。

LearningNew Skills

2023年高考英语全国乙卷答案

一、听力

1--5BACCB6--10CBCBC11--15ACBBA16--20CACCA

二、阅读理解

A篇CADB篇BACBC篇ADDBD篇ADBC

七选五BDCFG

三、完型填空

DBACBBDDACABACCDADBA

四、语法填空

61 to,62 built,63 that/which,64 wonders,65 but/yet,

66 Having visited,67 was amazed,68 recording 69 remarkable, 70 means

五、改错

his变her,去掉with, choose变chose, that变whose,

same前加the, or变and, saying变said, final变finally, washing变wash, truth变true

六作文

全国乙卷·理科综合（物理）

物理答案

全国乙卷·文科综合（历史）

历史答案（部分试题无答案）

一、选择题
24．孟子说："五亩之宅，树之以桑，五十（岁）者可以衣帛矣；鸡豚狗彘之畜，无失其时，七十（岁）者可以食肉矣；百亩之田，勿夺其时，数口之家可以无饥矣。"这一观点所依托的时代背景是

A ．休养生息政策的实施

B ．井田制度的繁荣

C ．农业生产技术的发展

D ．商业活动的衰退

【答案】C

【解析】本题考查战国时期农业生产技术的发展。根据所学知识，春秋战国时期，铁犁牛耕技术的推广，生产工具的进步，推动农业生产技术的发展，故选C项。休养生息政策一般是在大动乱、大变革之后所采取的减轻人民负担，恢复生产，安定社会秩序并繁衍生育人口的措施，孟子所处的时代诸侯兼并战争盛行，排除A项。战国时期，铁犁牛耕技术的推广，导致井田制度瓦解，排除B项。战国时期，区域性的商业贸易繁荣，甚至出现大的贸易都市，排除D项。

25．唐代中后期文人间流行诗歌唱和之风，"江南"成为唱和的重要主题。杭州、苏州、湖州、宣州（今安徽宣城）等地名常在唱和诗歌中出现。这种风尚

A ．得益于稳定的地方秩序

B ．缘于坊市制度的崩溃

C ．助推山水田园诗的兴起

D ．导致经济重心的南移

【答案】A

【解析】本题考查唐代文人诗歌唱和的风气。根据所学知识，唐代中后期北方爆发安史之乱，藩镇割据，政局混乱，大量的人口迁移到南方，南方社会局势相对安定，因此，“江南”成为文人之间相互唱和的重要主题，故选A项。坊市制度在宋代被打破，排除B项；魏晋南北朝时期，山水田园诗兴起，排除C项；唐朝中后期，安史之乱的爆发，导致经济重心南移，排除D项。

26．南宋时书籍流行，文人刻书蔚然成风，如陆游、范成大、杨万里、朱熹等人在各地任官期间，都曾刊行自己或先人、名宦、师友、乡贤的著述，地方官学、民间书院等亦以刻书为己任。这有助于

A ．士族阶层的出现

B ．儒学正统地位的确立

C ．科举制度的兴起

D ．社会文化水平的提升

【答案】D

【解析】本题考查宋代文人刻书的社会风气。根据材料可知，南宋文人士大夫和地方官学以及民间书院都热衷于刻书事业，客观上有利于知识的传播和儒学世俗化，从而有利于社会文化水平的提升，故选D项。士族制度起源于东汉，东汉世家豪族发展的延续，是士族的渊源，而魏晋统治阶级推行的九品中正制是导致士族形成的直接原因，排除A项。汉武帝通过“罢黜百家，独尊儒术”等措施，确立了儒学的正统地位，排除B项。隋炀帝时，始建进士科，科举制度形成，唐朝继承和完善科举制度，科举制度由此兴起，排除C项。

27．明初，朱元璋要求百姓邻里之间必须互相知晓丁数、职业，即"某民丁几，受农业者几，受士业者几，受工业者几，受商业者几"。这一措施意在

A ．强调农商皆本

B ．加强对民间的控制

C ．禁止人口流动

D ．促进经济均衡发展

【答案】B

【解析】本题考查明代加强社会控制的措施。根据材料可知，朱元璋通过采取对社会百姓邻里之间的相互监视的措施，从而达到加强对民间社会控制的目的，故选B项。根据所学，朱元璋推行“重农抑商”的政策，明末清初，黄宗羲等早期启蒙思想家提倡工商皆本的理念，排除A项。材料中朱元璋的做法意在通过对社会成员从事职业的掌握来达到强化社会控制的目的，材料中并没有禁止人口流动的信息，排除C项。材料中没有涉及朱元璋针对地方经济发展水平的差异而采取相应的措施，无法推出促进经济均衡发展的结果，排除D项。

28.19世纪70年代之前，伦敦市场上中国茶叶价格的日常波动很难影响到中国国内的茶叶出口价格。随着中英间电讯联系的建立，中国茶叶的出口价格随着伦敦市场的标价而变动，销售数量也随着世界经济的变动而波动，这

A ．导致中国茶叶出口衰落

B ．改变了中国对外贸易的入超状况

C ．促成了世界经济一体化

D ．削弱了中国茶叶的国际市场地位

【答案】D

【解析】本题考查晚晴时期中国经济状况。根据材料可知，19世纪70年代后，随着电讯联系的建立，中国茶叶的价格和销量深受国际市场的影响，特别是印度和日本茶叶进入市场，使中国茶叶面对的竞争对手增多，客观上削弱了中国茶叶的国际市场地位，故选D项。材料强调的是中国茶叶出口的价格和销售数量受到国际市场的影响，表明中国被迫卷入资本主义世界体系中，中国茶叶出口的数值在材料中无法得知，排除A项。进口大于出口是入超，材料中没有进出口数据的比较，无法得知对外贸易的状况，排除B项。世界经济一体化主要表现为消除商品、资本和劳动力在国际间自由流动的所有人为限制，材料中涉及到中国茶叶价格的变动，与世界经济一体化的内容无关，排除C项。

29.1920年5月，陈独秀发表演说："中国古人说'劳心者治人，劳力者治于人'。现在我们要将这句话倒转过来说，'劳力者治人，劳心者治于人'。"9月，他发文主张"用革命的手段建设劳动阶级（即生产阶级）的国家"。这反映出

A ．工人待遇得到极大改善

B ．民主与科学深入人心

C ．无产阶级登上政治舞台

D ．工农运动的蓬勃发展

【答案】C

【解析】本题考查马克思主义思想的传播。根据材料可知，中国古代封建社会，脑力劳动的人统治人，体力劳动的人被人统治，广大劳动者政治地位低下；陈独秀的演讲号召无产阶级用革命的手段建设劳动阶级的国家，表明无产阶级已经觉醒，登上政治舞台，故选C项。工人待遇大致包括经济待遇和政治待遇，材料中没有涉及资本家改善工人的处境的做法，排除A项。新文化运动时期宣扬“德先生”和“赛先生”，使民主与科学的观念深入人心，时间不符，排除B项。根据所学知识，1924年第一次国共合作后，反帝反封建的工农运动蓬勃发展，排除D项。

30.

图3、图4分别为1955~1956年拍摄的动画片《神笔》《骄傲的将军》的剧照，两部影片融入了中国传统戏曲、诗画等元素，在世界影坛上独树一帜。这体现出新中国艺术创作

A ．探索民族化道路的取向

B ．以进入世界市场为主要目标

C ．摆脱外来艺术形式影响

D ．服务于对外开放的基本国策

【答案】A

【解析】本题考查新中国初期的艺术创作。根据材料可知，新中国初期的动画片融入传统的戏曲、诗画等元素，坚持文化自信和道路自信，体现了探索民族化道路的价值取向，故选A项。20世纪90年代，中国提出建立社会主义市场经济体制的目标，2001年加入世界贸易组织，体现了以进入世界市场为主要目标，排除B项。材料强调的是动画片融入“中国传统戏曲、诗画等元素”，凸显中国文化特色，与外来艺术形式无关，“摆脱”用词不当，排除C项。1978年十一届三中全会作出改革开放的伟大决策，选项与材料时间不符，排除D项。

31.1981年，北京京剧团实行改革，职工工资只发70%，国家不再负担大部分福利；剧团演出费用自行解决，演出盈余留存公积金30%，上交剧院10%，其余根据"按劳分配"原则分红。经过试验，职工收入明显增加。上述改革反映出

A ．非公有资本成为文化建设投资主体

B ．国有文化事业单位整体改制为企业

C ．新的分配方式有利于激发职工积极性

D ．社会主义市场经济体制改革目标确立

【答案】C

【解析】本题考查国有文化事业单位改革。根据材料可知，“按劳分配”原则分红的做法突破了原来的按需分配（平均主义）的弊端，充分调动了剧团职工的演出积极性，故选C项。北京京剧团属于国有文化事业单位，不是非公有资本，排除A项。材料强调北京京剧团工资福利制度的改革，没有改变剧团国有文化事业单位的性质，选项中“整体改制”用词不当，排除B项。根据所学知识，1992年10月，党的十四大明确了建立社会主义市场经济体制的改革目标，排除D项。

32．公元前6世纪中后期，庇西特拉图先后三次攫取雅典城邦的统治权。他依照法律处理公共事务，关怀农民，支持平民反对贵族，时人称其统治时期为"盛世"。该"盛世"的出现，得益于

A ．梭伦改革的制度基础

B ．雅典民主政治的确立

C ．五百人议事会的产生

D ．贵族特权被彻底铲除

【答案】A

【解析】本题考查雅典的民主政治。根据材料和所学知识，公元前6世纪初，梭伦进行改革，保障了公民的民主权利，为雅典民主政治奠定了基础，故选A项。公元前6世纪末，克里斯提尼在梭伦的基础上继续进行改革，设立五百人议事会，继续扩大公民大会的权利，这次改革基本铲除了旧氏族贵族的政治特权，公民参政权空前扩大，雅典民主政治确立起来，综上所述，排除B、C、D项。

33.1661年，英国民兵法案宣布：民兵、海陆军队以及所有军事要塞和驻地的唯一最高的统辖权、指挥权和部署权，历来属于国王陛下，这是不容置疑的。议会两院或其中任何一院都不能也不应要求这种权力。这说明当时英国

A ．国王处于"统而不治"地位

B ．国王力图巩固统治权力

C ．强化王权以对抗"无敌舰队"

D ．君主立宪政体已经确立

【答案】B

【解析】本题考查英国资产阶级革命。根据材料“唯一最高的统辖权、指挥权和部署权，历来属于国王陛下”可知，英国国王力图通过民兵法案的形式来巩固自己的军事统治权，表明此时王权仍然高于议会的权力，故选B项。根据所学知识，1689年颁布的《权利法案》，议会的权力日益超过国王的权力，国王开始逐渐处于“统而不治”的地位，英国的君主立宪制度确立起来，排除A、D两项。1588年，英国海军打败西班牙的“无敌舰队”，从此西班牙失去海上霸主地位，选项与材料时间不符，排除C项。

34.20世纪30年代，美国出现了各种各样的法西斯组织。他们采用恐怖手段破坏工人集会，杀害共产党员、工会活动分子、黑人和犹太人。到1938年底，美国类似的组织至少有800多个。这一现象反映出当时美国

A ．经济困境冲击社会秩序

B ．开始推行自由放任主义

C ．国家干预经济成效甚微

D ．扩军备战引发统治危机

【答案】A

【解析】本题考查美国罗斯福新政。根据材料可知，1929—1933年空前严重的资本主义世界经济危机加深了各主要资本主义国家的社会危机，示威游行、罢工等抗议活动接连不断，法西斯势力趁机大肆活动，美国国内各种各样的法西斯组织是经济困境冲击社会秩序的表现，故选A项。20世纪30年代，美国总统罗斯福上台，放弃“自由放任”政策，推行政府全面干预的政策，排除B项。罗斯福全面干预政策，促进了工农业的发展，一定程度上遏制了美国法西斯势力，成效显著，排除C项。面对经济危机，德意日等国家的法西斯分子登上政治舞台，对内实行恐怖独裁统治，对外侵略扩张，发动战争，排除D项。

35.1960~1970年，发展中国家对发达资本主义国家的出口额从197.8亿美元增加到397.5亿美元，从发达资本主义国家的进口额也从218亿美元增加到413.6亿美元。在国际贸易中，发展中国家出口额比重从21.4％下降至17.6%。据此可知，该时期

A ．世界经济格局发生根本性转变

B ．规范化的世界贸易体系建立

C ．南北国家之间的经济联系削弱

D ．发展中国家的经济地位下降

【答案】D

【解析】本题考查二战后发展中国家面临的挑战。根据材料可知，发中国国家与发达国家的进出口贸易额均有所增长，而在国际贸易中的出口额比重却在下降，表明发展中国家过分依赖发达国家主导的国际市场和出口贸易，自身承受的风险更大，侧面反映了发展中国家的经济地位下降，故选D项。当今世界仍然是以美国等发达国家为主导的经济格局，“根本性转变”，用词不当，排除A项。1995年，世界贸易组织的成立和运作，标志着规范化和法制化的世界贸易体系建立起来，排除B项。根据材料信息可知，双方进出额的增长，表明南（发展中国家）北（发达国家）之间的经济联系有所加强，排除C项。

二、非选择题

42．阅读材料，完成下列要求。(12分）

20世纪初，梁启超发表《新民说》，认为要使我国立于世界民族之林，赖"民德"的培育。民德分为私德与公德，"人人独善其身者谓之私德，人人相善其群者谓之公德"。他将春秋以来的"民德"按优劣分为第一至第六共6个等级，认为东汉儒学最盛，士人崇尚气节，民德最优。其所作《中国历代民德升降表》如下：

——摘编自梁启超《饮冰室合集》

选取中国古代史整体、部分或某个朝代，对材料中的观点提出自己的看法，并加以阐述。(要求：看法具体明确，史论结合，论据充分，表达清晰。)

【答案】

示例1

论题：东汉儒学的发展提升了社会公德

论述：东汉光武帝结束西汉末年社会动荡的局面，建立新的统治秩序。光武帝本人崇尚儒学，出身儒学世家，奖励修习儒学的知识分子，在社会上形成了知识分子针砭时弊、激浊扬清的士人精神。东汉时期推行察举制，以孝廉品行作为选官的标准，客观上推动了儒学在民间社会的进一步传播。东汉中后期，宦官专权加剧，朝局更加黑暗，以范滂、陈蕃为首的的士人不畏强暴、清廉正直，对宦官乱政的现象不满，与宦官发生激烈的党争，最终因宦官以"党人"罪名禁锢士人终身而引发“党锢之祸”。党锢之祸导致反宦官的士大夫集团受到了严重的打击，党人被残酷镇压，为黄巾之乱和汉朝的最终灭亡埋下伏笔。

综上所述，东汉时期，统治者推崇儒学，形成了注重气节，崇尚廉耻的社会风气，客观上有利于提升社会成员的公德。

示例2

论题：国家政局影响到社会公德的发展

论述：宋代结束五代十国的藩镇割据局面，重新实现了政局的稳定，但时常遭受女真、蒙古、党项等游牧民族的袭扰，多次被迫与辽、西夏等签订屈辱的城下之盟，以割地、赔钱换取短暂的和平相处。北宋文人士大夫面对外有强敌入侵，内有佛教挑战儒学的艰难局面，提出复兴儒学的口号，逐渐形成了以二程为代表的宋学，注重个人修养，强调文人士大夫必须具有强烈的责任感和使命感。南宋时期，朱熹成为理学的集大成者，他通过编著“家礼”“家训”的方式，将理学渗透到民间，极大地提升了社会成员的道德水平。明朝中后期，以宣扬个性自由，隐含平等叛逆色彩的陆王心学逐渐兴起，面对明亡清兴、汉族政权被推翻的事实，以顾炎武为代表的儒家知识分子提倡经世致用的思想，国计民生，继承了自东汉以来的尚名节，关心国家大事的优良传统。

综上所述，两宋和明末清初两个时期，面对外族入侵的严峻形势，文人士大夫们发扬儒家以天下为己任的传统，在社会上形成了崇尚名节，关心国家前途命运的良好风气，推动了社会公德的发展。

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